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SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH

SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH. THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY. BASIC VOCABULARY. 1. A company that produces drugs/medicine is called a __________________________ company.   A) pharmacy   b) pharmaceutical   c) pharmacist . 2. What is a “dosage form”? It is the physical form of a dose of medication

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SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH

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  1. SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

  2. BASIC VOCABULARY • 1. A company that produces drugs/medicine is called a __________________________ company.   A) pharmacy  b) pharmaceutical  c) pharmacist

  3. 2. What is a “dosage form”? • It is the physical form of a dose of medication • The way a drug is put into the body

  4. 3) Which of the following things is a dosage form? • Capsule • Inhaling • OTC drug

  5. WHAT IS A DOSAGE FORM? WHAT IS A ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION?

  6. DOSAGE FORM: Solution or Suspension by injection ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: Parenteral

  7. DOSAGE FORM OR ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION? Say if the following terms are dosage forms (DF) or routes of administration (RoA). Lotion Intravenous Capsule Tablet Per rectum Intramuscular Eye drops Intradermal Subcutaneous

  8. Read the text on p. 86 and do the exercise 1 on p. 87

  9. Exercise 1 - READING COMPREHENSIONRead the text and answer the following questions. • 1. Who makes prescription and OTC drugs? Drug companies, drug manufacturers

  10. 2. What do drug companies do? Drug companies make medicines taking the active ingredients out of the plant, animals or chemicals and mixing it with inactive ingredients.

  11. 3. What are synthetic medicines? They are medicines made from chemicals

  12. 4. Why is it important that a drug company tests? • To make sure that each tablet or capsule is the same as any other in the bottle; • To make sure that what is in the medicine is exactly what the label says

  13. 5. Where are prescription medicines advertised? On TV, in popular magazines and newspapers.

  14. 6. What are the FDA and the FTC? What’s their role? The FDA is the US Food and Drug Administration and the FTC is the Federal Trade Commission. They decide respectively what can be said in prescription and OTC medicine advertising.

  15. 7. What’s the purpose of advertising? To tell the public about medicines, to sell more medicines and to earn more money

  16. Please do exercises 3 and 4 on p. 90

  17. DOSAGE FORMS

  18. DOSAGE FORMS Basically three divisions of dosage forms: • solid, • semisolid, • liquid

  19. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: TABLET 1. The most commonly known dosage form is the tablet. In prescription usually abbreviated as tab or tabs - contains active drug in dried powder form

  20. 2. caplets – coated capsules in form of tablets; elongated shape may make it easier for some to swallow, as does the coating

  21. 3. lozenges – tablets formed from hardened base or sugar and water containing drug and other flavors. They are designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth and release the drug topically to the tissues of mouth and throat; they are not to be swallowed.

  22. SOLID DOSAGE FORM: EFFERVESCENT TABLET 4. EFFERVESCENT TABLETS some tablets may be designed to dissolve in water before taking orally to facilitate administration; examples: Alka Seltzer, Klorvess effervescent tablets, etc.

  23. SOLID DOSAGE FORM: CAPSULE B. capsule: in prescription usually abbreviated as cap or caps, comes basically in two varieties

  24. CAPSULE 1 1. soft gelatin shell manufactured in one piece with drug usually in liquid form inside the shell, e.g. fat-soluble vitamins A and E, Procardia (nifidepine), etc.

  25. CAPSULE 2 2. hard shell manufactured in two pieces that fit together and hold the drug, either in powdered or granular form; may be separated and sprinkled over food.

  26. SOLID DOSAGE FORM: POWDER • C. powder: a finely ground form of an active drug • 1. can be contained in capsules for oral administration • 2. can be used for topical application • 3. can be found in glass vials as dried form of the drug where it must be reconstituted by adding sterile water or sterile NaCL for purpose of injection, e.g. i.v. ampicillin • 4. may come pre-measured in package and needs to be reconstituted with water before oral administration

  27. SOLID DOSAGE FORM: SUPPOSITORY E. suppository: a solid base of glycerin or cocoa butter containing the drug

  28. SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS • semi-solid dosage forms: dosage forms that are too soft in structure to qualify for solids but too thick to be considered liquid;

  29. SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORM: CREAM A. cream – a semisolid emulsion of oil, e.g. lanolin or petrolatum, and water, the main ingredient being water

  30. SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM: OINTMENT B. ointment – a semisolid emulsion of oil and water, the main ingredient being oil

  31. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS III. liquid dosage forms: come in solutions and suspensions; generally described as either • • aqueous from the Latin meaning watery consistency • • viscous designating a non-watery or thick liquid

  32. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS: SOLUTION • A. solution: never need to be mixed as the drug-to-water concentration remains the same in every part of the solution, even after prolonged standing. ELIXIRS LIQUID SPRAYS SYRUPS FOAMS TINCTURES

  33. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:SOLUTIONS 1. elixirs: solutions that contain an alcohol and water base, added sugar and flavorings, e.g. Tylenol; commonly used for pediatric and elderly patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules 2. syrups: do not contain alcohol and are concentrated solutions of sugar, water, and flavorings. They are sweeter and more viscous than elixirs. Most OTC cough medications are syrup based and don’t only carry the drug but also act to soothe the inflamed mucous membranes of the throat. 3. tinctures: solutions that have an alcohol and water base and are applied topically, e.g. tincture of iodine 4. liquid sprays: solutions of a drug combined with water or alcohol 5. foams: another form of liquid medication propelled by spraying, e.g. certain OTC contraceptives and Proctofoam

  34. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:SUSPENSIONS • B. suspensions: contain fine, undissolved particles of drug suspended in a liquid base. These particles will settle to the bottom of the container after prolonged standing, making it necessary to shake the suspension well before use to evenly distribute the drug particles. This should be noted on an auxiliary label on the bottle, e.g. Maalox and other antacids.

  35. 1. emulsion: a suspension of fat particles in a watery base, e.g. intralipid intravenous fat solution • 2. lotion: topically applied suspension of an active drug in a water base, usually some skin-moisturizing agent added, e.g. Keri lotion; sometimes may be without moisturizer, e.g. Calamine lotion • 3. gel: a suspension in which the drug particles are suspended in a thickened water medium, e.g. MetroGel for acne rosacea

  36. DOSAGE FORMS (I) TABLET EYE DROP CAPSULEEAR DROP Hard capsule Soft capsule NASAL SPRAY TRANSDERMAL PATCH SUPPOSITORY EMULSION INJECTION INHALATION

  37. DOSAGE FORMS (II) PESSARY SOLUTION OINTMENT LOTION GEL PASTE SYRUP POWDER CREAM

  38. Pleaseread the text on p. 93 and do exercise 1 on p. 94 (lowviscosity) Lotion cream Gel Ointment (high viscosity)

  39. 1. comes in two varieties: soft gelatin shell in one piece with drug usually in liquid form, and hard shell in two pieces with drug in wither granular or powdered form 2. contains fine, undissolved particles of drug suspended in liquid base 3. tablets formed of hardened base of sugar and water containing drug and other flavors 4. solid base of glycerin or cocoa butter containing the drug 5. semisolid emulsion of oil and water, the main ingredient being oil 6. semisolid emulsion of oil and water, the main ingredient being water 7. designed to dissolve in water before taking orally to facilitate administration 8. finely ground form of an active drug

  40. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

  41. Important Info Routes of Drug Administration The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts

  42. The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be divided into two classes: • Enteral • Parenteral

  43. Enteral Routes Enteral- drug placed directly in the GI tract: sublingual - placed under the tongue oral - swallowing (p.o., per os) rectum - Absorption through the rectum

  44. Sublingual/Buccal Some drugs are taken as smaller tablets which are held in the mouth or under the tongue.

  45. Parenteral Routes • Intravascular (IV, IA)- placing a drug directly into the blood stream • Intramuscular (IM) - drug injected into skeletal muscle • Subcutaneous- Absorption of drugs from the subcutaneous tissues • Inhalation - Absorption through the lungs

  46. Intramuscular 1. very rapid absorption of drugs in aqueous solution 2.repository and slow release preparations 3.pain at injection sites for certain drugs

  47. Subcutaneous 1. slow and constant absorption 2. absorption is limited by blood flow, affected if circulatory problems exist 3. concurrent administration of vasoconstrictor will slow absorption

  48. Inhalation 1.gaseous and volatile agents and aerosols 2.rapid onset of action due to rapid access to circulation a.large surface area b.thin membranes separates alveoli from circulation c.high blood flow Particles larger than 20 micron and the particles impact in the mouth and throat. Smaller than 0.5 micron and they aren't retained.

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