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The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li. Table of Contents. Post UNISOM Somalia TNG and ICU ICU and Ethiopia TNG-ICU Conflict Ethiopian Invasion Islamist Groups Coalition Government Recent Occurrences Problems that the UN face in Somalia UN Role in Somalia Solutions

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The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

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  1. The Somali Civil War By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

  2. Table of Contents • Post UNISOM Somalia • TNG and ICU • ICU and Ethiopia • TNG-ICU Conflict • Ethiopian Invasion • Islamist Groups • Coalition Government • Recent Occurrences • Problems that the UN face in Somalia • UN Role in Somalia • Solutions • Bibliography • Geography • People • History • Rise of Siad Barre • Siad Barre and Dictatorship • Ogaden War (1977-1978) • Uprising in the NW (1978-1982) • Overthrow of Siad Barre • The Result • More Violence in Somalia • Effect of Turmoil • United Nations Operation in Somalia I • United Nations Operation in Somalia II

  3. Geography • Capital: Mogadishu • Coastline = 2,720 km • Horn of Africa • North • hilly • Central & South • flat "Somalia Map - African Countries, Map of Somalia Facts Landforms - World Atlas." World Atlas including Geography Facts, Maps, Flags - Worldatlas.com. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/so.htm>.

  4. People • 60% = nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists (north) • 25% = farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural zone (south) • 15% = urban " Somalia Tips." Somalia Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://somaliatips.files.wordpress.com "Understanding Somalia." MercatorNet: promoting human dignity. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/

  5. History • Clans • Imperialism (late 1800s) • Britain,Italy,France • Independence (June 26th,1960) • United Republic of Somalia • Abdullahi Issa & Aden Abdullah Osman Daar • Abdirashid Ali Shermarke

  6. History (cont.) • Assassination of President Sharmarke • Army seizes power, 1969 • General Siad Barre leads overthrow regime

  7. Rise of Siad Barre • Scientific Socialism • Marxism + Koranic interpretation • Expansionist Somali nationalism • Homogenous, centralized nation-state • Unstable because of clans • Attempted to reclaim territory from Ethiopia

  8. Siad Barre's Dictatorship • Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) • End "tribalism, nepotism, corruption, and misrule" • Aligned with Soviet Union • National Security Services (NSS) • 'Somali Gestapo' • Clan favoritism • M.O.D (the Mareehaan, Ogaden and Dulbahante)

  9. Ogaden War (1977-1978) • Ogaden region in Ethiopia • Somali National Army • 3 years after fall of Ethiopia’s Emperor Haile Sellasie • Soviet Union & Cuba alliance change • Supported new Marxist Ethiopia • Withdrew support from Barre

  10. Ogaden War (1977-1978) cont. • Effects of the war • 1983 → 1.3 million refugees in Somalia • Economy in the north • Clan favoritism & resentment • Issaq clan • Ogadeen clan

  11. Uprising in the NW (1978-1982) • Majeerteenclan • The Red Berets • Destroyed water reservoirs • 2,000 Majeerteen died from thirst • Violence against women/children

  12. Overthrow of Siad Barre • United States government provided $163.5 million to Barre • Lost Iranian ally • 1979 revolution • Horn of Africa to Gulf oil shipping routes • Barre's army =120,000 troops • Somali National Movement (SNM) • 1979 • Isaaq exiles • 1980s → Ogadeen refugees in (north) Isaaq clan territory • 1988 SNM raided refugee camp • Barre = civilian assault

  13. Overthrow of Siad Barre (cont.) • United Somali Congress (USC) • 1989 • Hawiye clan exiles • Red Berets • Violence against Hawiye and Isaaq clans • Bombing of Hargeisa, 2nd largest city, 70% destroyed, 400,000 fled to Ethiopia • January 27th,1991 → USC fought back • Drove Siad Barre out of Mogadishu

  14. The Result • Republic of Somaliland • Somali National Movement (SNM) • NW • MohammadIbrahimEgal → “president of Somaliland • United Somali Congress (USC) • Seized Mogadishu • Siad Barre dies in exile 4 years later → Nigeria

  15. More Violence in Somalia • USC has no plans for permanent government • No reconciliation between factions and armed groups • USC splits • MuhammadFaraAidid &AliMahdi • Mahdi → Somali Salvation Alliance (SSA) • Declared himself “president of Somalia”

  16. More Violence in Somalia (cont.) • Somali National Front (SNF) • Siad Barre's supporters • Guerbaharre • 1991 → 6 months open combat between groups • September 1991 → USC dominated, more street fighting in Mogadishu

  17. Effects of Turmoil • Government & civil society decayed • Food distribution collapsed • Drought exacerbated the effects • Famine in south • 1992, international aid • 80% food shipments looted by armed groups & government • The United Nations decides to intervene

  18. United Nations Operation in Somalia I (April 1992 - March 1993) • Monitor cease fire • Escort delivery of humanitarian supplies • Resolution 751 (1992) • Mission strengthens • Resolution 767 (1992) • Operational zones: Berbera, Bossasso, Mogadishu and Kismayo • Military of 750 units, all ranks • Worked with United Task Force (UNITAF) • Resolution 794 (1992): “All means necessary” • 24 countries led by the USA

  19. UNOSOM I (cont.) • 100-Day Action Plan • massive infusion of food aid • aggressive expansion of supplementary feeding • provision of basic health services and mass measles immunization • urgent provision of clean water, sanitation and hygiene • provision of shelter materials, blankets and clothes • simultaneous delivery of seeds, tools and animal vaccines with food rations • prevention of further refugee outflows • institution-building and rehabilitation of civil society. • Factions shelled and hijacked supply ships and vehicles

  20. Reconciliation • January 1993, meeting convened by the Secretary-General • 14 Somali political movements agreed on a ceasefire • pledged to hand over all weapons to UNITAF and UNOSOM • General Agreement of 8 January 1993 • Agreement On Implementing The Cease-fire And On Modalities Of Disarmament • Agreement On The Establishment Of An Ad Hoc Committee • The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia (March 1993) • leaders of 15 political movements endorsed an accord on disarmament, reconstruction and the formation of a transitional government.

  21. Transition to UNOSOM II • Supplanted UNITAF • To help ensure a secure environment in Somalia • Rebuild and reestablish • Infrastructure • Economy • Chapter VII, Resolution 814 (1993)

  22. UNOSOM II (March 1993 - March 1995) • Transition of operational control from UNITAF • Effective deployment and consolidation of United Nations operational control throughout Somalia and the border regions • Reduction of UNOSOM II military activity, and assistance to civil authorities in exercising greater responsibility • Reduction of UNOSOM II force

  23. UNOSOM II (cont.) • Soldiers killed by factions → disregarded agreements of ceasefire • Resolution 837 (1993) • Take all necessary measures to defend armed attacks • Quick Reaction Force • Nairobi Declaration & Addis Ababa Agreement • Peace throughout Somalia & ceasefire • Factions/clans broke agreement • Secretary-General urged another conference to appoint new government

  24. End of UNOSOM II • Secretary-General: only the Somalis themselves could establish acceptable peace • International community could help the process → can't be sustained indefinitely • Withdraw of UNOSOM II force → March 28,1995 • United Nations agencies and organizations • NGOs

  25. Blackhawk Down Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden "Black Hawk Down (2001) - IMDb." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0265086/>. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/>

  26. Post UNOSOM Somalia • Central government • Law system

  27. TNG and the ICU • International Conferences • Area of conflict • ICU dominance • Effect of ICU rule Al-Shabaab declares black Islamic flag in Somalia

  28. ICU and Ethiopia • ICU's power spread • Ethiopian outlook • African Union

  29. ICU-TNG Conflict • African Union thwarted • Arms buildup • Jihad • Baidoa

  30. Ethiopian Invasion • Victory • ICU's Fate

  31. Islamist Groups • Al-Shabaab • Hizbul Islam • Islamic Courts Union

  32. http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/SomaliPiratesHowRansomCollectedisSpent_2191/Somali_piracy.jpghttp://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/SomaliPiratesHowRansomCollectedisSpent_2191/Somali_piracy.jpg

  33. Coalition Government • Moderate Islamists and the TNG • Mogadishu • Technocratic government

  34. Recent Occurences • Drought and famine • Al-Shabaab • Possible AU peacekeeper increase • Kenya • UN

  35. Problems that the UN face in Somalia • United Nations aid workers in the country are limited as there is no established • protection on site. Aid workers face the constant threat of kidnapping for ransom. • International aid has been routinely looted due to a variety of factors including • government corruption and desperate food and health conditions. • Islamist groups view the United Nations with distrust and deny it access to their • land, believing that the United Nations has a political agenda.

  36. UN Role In Somalia • No large-scale United Nations peacekeeping operation in the • country since the UNOSOM II. • Passed Resolution 1838, in which an anti-piracy fleet is • sanctioned to operate off of Somalia's lawless coastline. • The World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations program, also has a • presence in the country. • A United Nations program designated towards establishing a functioning • government in Somalia called the United Nations Political Office for Somalia is • currently active in Kenya.

  37. Solutions • UN Peacekeepers • Offensive action • Protection of aid • Protection of government institutions • United Nations Political Office for Somalia • Development • IMF

  38. Solutions (cont.) • 3. International Help • AU • Anti-insurgency • Monetary goals • 4. Political Unification • TNG • Puntland • Somaliland • 5. End to Piracy • 6. Alleviate the Effects of the Famine • Long term and short term goals

  39. Bibliography • 1. The United Nations' database on the UNOSOM I & UNOSOM II • <https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosomi.htm> • <http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom2backgr1.html> • 2. From United Nations Political Office for Somalia • <http://unpos.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1911> • 3. Somalia – Infrastructure, Power, and Communications • <http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Somalia-INFRASTRUCTURE- • POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html> • 4. GlobalSecurity on the Somalia Civil War • <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm> • 5. From AllAfrica, information pertaining to the Islamist's stance on the United Nations was • obtained. • <http://allafrica.com/stories/201107260329.html> • 6. General history of the Somali Civil War • <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861179.html> • 7. Information on the Somali Civil War was taken from Conciliation Resources. • <http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/somalia/endless-war.php> • 8. GlobalSecurity on the far-reaching consequences of the Somalia Civil War • <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm>

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