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Figure F7. Cenozoic events in climate, tectonics, and biota vs. d 18 O and d 13 O in benthic foraminiferal calcite (after Zachos et al., 2001). VPDB = Vienna Peedee belemnite http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/207_IR/chap_01/c1_f7.htm#60367.
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Figure F7. Cenozoic events in climate, tectonics, and biota vs. d18O and d13O in benthic foraminiferal calcite (after Zachos et al., 2001). VPDB = Vienna Peedee belemnite http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/207_IR/chap_01/c1_f7.htm#60367
http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/208_IR/chap_01/chap_01.htmhttp://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/208_IR/chap_01/chap_01.htm Figure F7. Benthic foraminiferal isotope records across the P/E boundary from Sites 525, 527, 690, and 865 (Thomas and Shackleton, 1996; Zachos et al., 2001). The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum is characterized by a 5°C warming of the deep sea.
Figure F32. Digital photograph and stratigraphic distribution of benthic foraminifers in Section 199-1220B-20X-2 (198.90-199.85 mbsf). Red triangles at 199.68 mbsf = P/E boundary as represented by the benthic extinction event (BEE). http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/199_IR/chap_01/c1_f32.htm
Methane (gas) hydrates: stable under high pressures and cold temperatures http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/30th/part6/page3.html http://www.usssp-iodp.org/Education/education_links.html http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_hydrate
Figure F7. Cenozoic events in climate, tectonics, and biota vs. d18O and d13O in benthic foraminiferal calcite (after Zachos et al., 2001). VPDB = Vienna Peedee belemnite http://odp.pangaea.de/publications/207_IR/chap_01/c1_f7.htm#60367