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Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese. Unit 7: Varieties and Changes. Varieties and Changes. Language is not static. It is under constant change. Language is not homogeneous, it has varieties. Variation and variants. Why does a language change?.
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Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese Unit 7: Varieties and Changes
Varieties and Changes • Language is not static. It is under constant change. • Language is not homogeneous, it has varieties. • Variation and variants
Why does a language change? • The language changes when the society has some changes • Emergence of new concepts and disappearance of old things • Language contacts: mobility • The internal linguistic rule
The speed of change • The vocabulary change is the most rapid change • Pronunciation and grammar change slower than vocabulary
New words emerge • New words emerge • 人造衛星,團伙,責任制,kleenex, xerox • New meaning is added to the old words • 朋友(女朋友),愛人 • The meaning changes (shrinks) • 批評,反省 • Foreign words 雷達,迪士科,軟件,克隆
Social variance – Social dialects Variables: • age • sex • profession • social economical status
Sexual variation Prof. C. C. Cheng's software can identify male from female: Female-150Hz or higher, Male - 150Hz or lower
Sexual variation: Pronunciation The female students' pronunciation of palatal sounds • Syllables with palatal(s) Dentalized Fronted Total • 些 (yǒu yì) xiē (some) 31 17 20 • 急 jí (in a hurry) 14 12 26 • 雞 jī (rooster/chicken) 10 12 22 • 寄 jì (to send) 21 10 21 • 幾 jǐ (several) 11 7 18 • 細 xì (slender; fine) 9 12 21 • 積極 jījí (active) 7 10 17 • 焦急 jiāojí (worried) 3 13 16 • Source: Hu, Mingyang. 1991.Feminine accent in the Beijing vernacular: a sociolinguistic investigation. JCLTA XXVI No.1
Sexual variation: Pronunciation /w/ vs. /v/ 為,文,萬,聞 wèi, wén, wàn wén vèi, vén, vàn vén 新聞,一萬,為了,外文 xīnwén, yíwàn, wèile, wàijiāo xīnvén, yívàn, vèile, vàijiāo
Sexual variation: vocabulary Shen (1987) womanish accent 娘娘腔 • Adding softner particles:呀,呢,啦,耶 ya, ne, la, ye • Male-我今天忙極了。Female-我今天忙死了。 Wǒ jīntiān máng jí le. Wǒ jīntiān máng sǐ le. (I am extremely busy today.) (I am busy to death.) • Male-我 wǒ Femal-人家 rénjiā • In one sentence: “人家想死你了耶!” Rénjiā xiáng sǐ nǐ le ye! (I am terribly missing you!)
Sexual variation: Woman script女書-中國的一種奇特的現象
Shangjiangyu Village, Jiangyong County, Hunan Province 湖南省江永县上江圩乡
Mrs. Yang Huanyi – the last lady who is able to write woman script 最后一位能写女书的杨焕宜老太太
Characteristics of Woman Script • Based on Hunan dialect 以湖南方言記音 • Syllabic 一字一音 • Limited number of syllables 音節有限 • Non-standardized 不規範
Woman Script and Chinese Characters • Strokes are simpler (maximum of 18 strokes) • Fewer number of woman characters (total number is fewer than 1,000. Commonly used about 400) • Phonetic
Uses of Woman Script • Religious worship 宗教祭祀 • Chanting for entertainment 讀唱娛樂 • Making sworn sisters 結拜姐妹 • Correspondence 書信來往 • Complaining and biography 訴苦寫傳 • Event recording 記事記史
Burning sheets written in woman script to mourn the dead sisters. 烧女书祭奠去世的姐妹
Campus vocabulary in Taiwan 鬥陣(一起 together) 代誌大條(事態很嚴重 serious situation) 520(我愛你 I love you) LKK(很老氣 old looking) Any more? The students from Taiwan may contribute.
Hong Kong Vocabulary 拿士的 get the stick 坐的士 take a taxi 去士多 to to the store 食多士 to eat a toast
Hong Kong Vocabulary • 巴士 ( a bus) • 迷你裙 (mini-skirt) • 可讀性 (readability) • 車立 (elevator)
Vocabulary used in the Mainland • 反右鬥爭 (the struggle against the rightists) • 文革 (Cultural Revolution) • 紅五類、黑五類 (red, black five categories) • 紙老虎 (paper tiger)
Vocabulary used in the Mainland • 先生,小姐,太太,女士=>同志=>師傅 • 老X,小X • 叔叔-解放軍叔叔 • 阿姨-保姆,幼兒園老師 • 獨生子女 • 愛人,老伴,孩子他爹(娘),老頭(我老頭出差了), • 我那一口子
Taiwan Guoyu 台灣國語 • Phonetic difference 語音差別 No retroflex sound 台灣國語常缺少卷舌音 • Modal particle ‘ye’ at the end of sentences 句尾帶“耶” • ‘Hǎo’ is used for ‘hěn’ 用“好”代替“很” • Vocabulary difference 詞彙差別
Taiwan Guoyu 台灣國語 • 同志同性戀 (gay and lesbian) • 集裝箱貨櫃 (container) • 激光鐳射 (laser) • 普通話國語 (Mandarin) • 繁體字正體字 (traditional characters) • 出租汽車計程車 (taxi) • 表演作秀 (to give a show) • 電子計算機電腦 (computer) • 電子郵件電子郵遞 (e-mail)
Taiwan Guoyu 台灣國語 • The words that are not used in the mainland.大陸沒有的詞: • 寫作診所(writing clinic) • 工作坊(workshop)
Taiwan Guoyu 台灣國語 • Grammatical differences 語法差別 用走的 有去過 電子郵件,用說的嘛也通。(1999/3/4 sinanet)
Chinese beyond China 海外華語 • 燕梳 insurance • 子子給 market • 土庫 basement • 柏文 apartment • Any more?
Summary • Language is not static and homogeneous • Variation exists in phonology, vocabulary and grammar • Social varieties are related to the social variables • Social varieties are equally good