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Chapter 17 African Americans and the 1920s

Chapter 17 African Americans and the 1920s. II. Varieties of Racism. Scientific racism Cloaked in legitimate scholarship 1916 – Madison Grant published, The Passing of the Great race Northern Europeans were committing race suicide Eastern and southern European immigrants were inferior.

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Chapter 17 African Americans and the 1920s

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  1. Chapter 17 African Americans and the 1920s

  2. II. Varieties of Racism • Scientific racism • Cloaked in legitimate scholarship • 1916 – Madison Grant published, The Passing of the Great race • Northern Europeans were committing race suicide • Eastern and southern European immigrants were inferior

  3. Racism cont. • Birth of a Nation – 1915 • D. W. Griffth Film based off of 1905 novel: The Clansman • Set during reconstruction in S.C. • Immoral and ignorant Negros ,mulattoes and greedy white republicans were villains • KKK saves state • NAACP enraged – halted showings in some cities • Ignited racial violence – Lynch mobs attacked several blacks across the nation

  4. The Ku Klux Klan • Stone Mountain, Georgian: 1915 • William J. Simmons • Resurrected a few months after Birth of a Nation • White supremacy • Support in North and West as well as South • Played on perceived threats from immigrants and African Americans

  5. Ku Klux Klan • The glorification of the Ku Klux Klan in D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, reflected in this publicity poster, outraged African Americans. The NAACP protested when the silent film was first distributed in 1915 and again when a sound version was released in 1930. The demonstrations attracted publicity to both the film and the NAACP.

  6. The Ku Klux Klan (cont.) • Five million members, 1925 • Political force in Oklahoma, Texas, and Indiana • Businessmen • Shopkeepers • Protestant clergy • Woman’s Order • Junior Order for boys • Tri K Klub for girls

  7. The Ku Klux Klan (cont.) • The Klan Opposed: • Immigrants • Blacks • Jews • Catholics • Enforced morality • Beat, branded, and lynched • Burned synagogues and Catholic churches

  8. “Up You Mighty Race” • Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) • Black nationalist movement • Racial pride, Christian faith, economic cooperation • Marcus Garvey • Established businesses that hired black people • Back-to-Africa movement • Few African-American admirers • Differed on strategy and goals

  9. Marcus Garvey • Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey arrived in the United States in 1916 and quickly rose to prominence as the head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Garvey appears here in a 1924 parade in Harlem attired in a uniform similar to those worn by British colonial governors in Jamaica, Trinidad, and elsewhere.

  10. Pan-Africanism • “A great central, negro state” • A desire for people of African descent to unite • Share heritage • Discuss ties to Africa • Moderate (eliminate) colonial rule in Africa • Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Spain, Italy • First Pan-African Congress, London, 1900

  11. The Harlem Renaissance • Explosion of creative arts in 1920s • Proliferation of white and black artists • Hemingway, Cather, Pound, Fitzgerald • Many critical of American society

  12. Writers and Artists • Wrote about racial themes • Disagreements • Over purpose of black literature • Inspirational, positive images • Course reality

  13. White People and the Harlem Renaissance • “Negrotarians” and “Niggerati” - Zora Neale Hurston • Carl Van Vechten • Nigger Heaven • White supporters • Financial backing • Saw black culture as unsophisticated and primitive • Harlem inhabitants • Exotic, curious, and uncivilized • Great Depression • Devastated book and magazine sales

  14. VI. Harlem and the Jazz Age • Eighteenth Amendment • Prohibition • Cotton Club • Owney Madden – white gangster • Black waiters and entertainers • Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington • White, well-to-do customers • Rent party

  15. Sports • Americans worshipped athletic heroes, 1920s • Baseball and boxing • Blacks banned from major league baseball, 1887 • Early black leagues • Disorganized, barely made a living • Andrew “Rube”

  16. Rube Foster • Father of black baseball • Formed the Chicago American Giants, 1915 • Pitcher, manager, organizer, and administrator • Negro National League, 1920 • Eight teams • Seven teams in northern cities, eighth in Cuba • Rented stadiums from major league clubs • Excessive prices • Thrived in the 1920s

  17. College Sports • Amateur sports • Not as rigidly segregated as professional baseball • Football, baseball, basketball, track and field • All popular at the collegiate level • Black men participated

  18. Discrimination • Spectators taunted black athletes • Big Ten basketball coaches • Agreed not to accept black players • All-white college teams sometimes refused to play • Sports at black colleges thrived, 1920s • Baseball and football most popular • Traditional rivalries • Attracted large crowds • 6,000 to 10,000 people

  19. Cool Down • No written cool down – work on your study guides

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