LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

1. 4 A Topical Approach to LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Health John W. Santrock

2. Health • Health, Illness, and Diseases • Nutrition and Eating Behavior • Exercise • Substance Use and Addiction

3. Health, Illness, and Disease The Bio-Psycho-Social Health Model • New model that health is best understood in terms of: • Biological Factors • Psychological Factors • Social Factors

4. Health, Illness, and Disease Children's Health • Prevention • Shift toward prevention and outpatient care • Children’s motor, cognitive, and socioemotional development makes health care needs unique • Poverty is a special concern • Approximately 11 million preschool children in U.s. malnourished

5. Health, Illness, and Disease Recommended Immunization Schedule of Normal Infants and Children

6. Health, Illness, and Disease Adolescents' Health • A Critical Juncture in Health • Many factors linked to poor health habits and early death in adult years begin during adolescence • Families, peers, schools influence health • Health Services • Use private physician services at lower rate than other age groups

7. Health, Illness, and Disease Young Adults' Health • Know how to stay healthy, but don’t apply information to their own lifestyles • Many college students have unrealistic, overly optimistic beliefs about future health risks – “personal immunity” • Hidden dangers in peaks of performance and health in early adulthood

8. Health, Illness, and Disease Gender, Health, and the Health-Care System • Women and men experience health and health-care system differently • Males may use health care inadequately • Medicine continues to be a male-dominated profession • Gender bias affects medical research • Most research conducted with men

9. Health, Illness, and Disease Chronic Disorders • Disorders characterized by slow onset and long duration • Gender differences • Men have more fatal chronic disorders than women • Socioeconomic differences • Poor older adults 3 times more likely than nonpoor to be limited by chronic disorder

10. Health, Illness, and Disease Increasing Disabilities with Age

11. Health, Illness, and Disease Osteoporosis • Disorder of aging that involves extensive loss of bone tissue • Main reason many older adults walk with marked stoop • Gender differences - 80% of cases women • 2/3 of women over age 60 • Diet and exercise can help • Calcium, weight lifting

12. Health, Illness, and Disease Alzheimer's Disease • Progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, eventually, physical function • Causes not fully identified • Decreased levels of acetylcholine • Neural tangles and plaques

13. Health, Illness, and Disease The Robust Oldest Old • A substantial subgroup of oldest old are robust and active • Less than 60% have a disability • Health care and medical treatment can improve functioning Researchers have focused more on declines in old age, rather than on health.

14. Health, Illness, and Disease Nursing Homes • Probability of living in nursing home increases with age • Quality varies enormously • 1/3 are seriously deficient, cause for national concern • Patients with more control over daily decisions have greater life satisfaction and health.

15. Health, Illness, and Disease Percentage of U.S. Older Adults in Nursing Homes

16. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding • Denser bones • Lower incidence of SIDS • Neurological and cognitive development • Visual Acuity • Breastfeeding recommended • Appropriate weight gain • Fewer allergies • Reduction of infections • Reduced childhood cancer

17. U.S. Breastfeeding Trends

18. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Malnutrition in Infancy • Marasmus—wasting away of body tissues in infant’s first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency • Kwashiorkor—deficiency in protein; child’s abdomen and feet become swollen with water

19. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Nutrition in Childhood • Most children’s diets are poor or need improvement • Eating away from home, high fat foods • Good diet can have long-term effects

20. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Childhood Obesity • Consequences of Obesity • Increases child’s risk of developing many medical and psychological problems • Treatment of Obesity: 3-prong approach • Diet • Exercise • Behavior modification

21. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Relation of Being Overweight in Childhood and Adulthood

22. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Increase in Overweight U.S. Adolescents

23. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Ethnicity and Overweight in U.S. Adolescents

24. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Eating disorders • Anorexia Nervosa—relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation • Bulimia Nervosa—individual consistently follows a binge-purge eating pattern

25. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Eating Behavior in Adulthood • Obesity • Dieting • Restrained eating—individuals who chronically restrict food intake to control their weight • Most effective programs include exercise • Weight cycling—”yo-yo dieting”

26. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Questions AboutAging and Nutrition • Food Restriction and Longevity • Food-restricted animals live longer, healthier lives • Human studies yet to come • The Vitamin-and-Aging Controversy • Antioxidant supplements may counteract cell damage from free radicals • Diet is best source

27. Exercise Physical Fitness and Mortality

28. Exercise Exercise and Aging • Exercise benefits: • Minimize physiological changes • Optimize body composition • Prevent common chronic diseases • Linked to increased longevity • Adults should exercise 30 minutes at least every other day. • Children and adolescents should get some physical exercise daily.

29. Substance Use and Addiction Addiction Disease model—biologically based, lifelong disease that involve loss of control over behavior; require medical and/or spiritual treatment • Pattern of behavior characterized by overwhelming involvement with using a drug and securing its supply Life-process model—habitual response and source of gratification and security; can only be understood in context of social relationships and experiences

30. Substance Use and Addiction Trends in U.S. Adolescent Drug Use

31. Substance Use and Addiction Drinking and Smoking in Adolescence • Drinking has declined, but rates still high • 20% of 8th graders, 48% of h.s. seniors drank in past 30 days • Binge drinking • Smoking has declined heavily • Prices, anti-tobacco ads, social disapproval * Best prevention: a positive relationship between parents and children

32. Substance Use and Addiction Binge Drinking in Adolescence and Early Adulthood

33. Substance Use and Addiction Age and Binge Drinking

34. Substance Use and Addiction Substance Abusein Older Adults • Alcohol Use Declines • Majority 65 and over abstain completely • “Invisible Epidemic” of illicit and prescription drug abuse • Multiple medications • Mixing medicines with alcohol • Consequences may be attributed to other medical conditions