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Cap. 3 (Commer)

Cap. 3 (Commer). 3.1 Introduccion. Reunir distintas tecnologias de red dentro de un todo coordinado. Esquema que esconde los detalles del hardware subyacentes de red a la vez que proporciona servicios universales de comunicacion. La interconexion trata de ocultar detalles de la red.

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Cap. 3 (Commer)

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  1. Cap. 3 (Commer)

  2. 3.1 Introduccion • Reunir distintas tecnologias de red dentro de un todo coordinado. • Esquema que esconde los detalles del hardware subyacentes de red a la vez que proporciona servicios universales de comunicacion. • La interconexion trata de ocultar detalles de la red. • Enfoques de Interconectividad: • Nivel Aplicación • Nivel red

  3. Nivel Red en Internet • Provee transportación mejor-esfuerzo para transmitir datagramas (paquetes) de la fuente al destino. La fuente y el destino puede estar en la misma red o en diferentes redes.

  4. Environment (Medio Ambiente): Aplicación Aplicación Presentación Presentación Red: re-dirección Actualizacion de Tablas Sesión Red: re-dirección Actualizacion de Tablas Sesión Transporte Transporte Red: re-dirección Enlace Datos Enlace Datos Red: re-dirección Enlace Datos Físico Físico Enlace Datos Físico Físico Red: re-dirección Actualizacion de Tablas Red: re-dirección Actualizacion de Tablas Enlace Datos Físico Red: re-dirección Actualizacion de Tablas Enlace Datos Físico Enlace Datos Físico

  5. Nivel Red en Internet • A nivel red Internet es una colección de subredes, conocidos como sistemas autónomos (AS de sus siglas en inglés) conectados. • El cemento que une estas redes es el nivel red (IP internetwork Protocol).

  6. Environment Líneas trasatlánticas rentadas Líneas trasatlánticas rentadas Backbone de Europa Backbone de ASIA Backbone de USA Red Regional Red Nacional Red Regional Red Local Red Universitaria Red de una Companía

  7. Cap. 4 (Forouzan)

  8. IP Addressing: • La dirección IP tiene 32 bits de longitud escritos como 4 octetos. • Dos dispositivo NUNCA pueden tener la misma dirección IP, pero un dispositivo puede tener MAS de una dirección IP (multihomed device). • La dirección IP representa localizaciones, NO nombres de dispositivos. • La dirección IP tiene dos partes: netid y hostid. • Una dirección IP se expresa como 4 conjuntos de 8 bits separados por un “.”. 11000000.00000101.00100010.00001011 • Por facilidad, se utiliza la notación “dotted-decimal” para expresar la dirección 192.5.34.11

  9. Direccionamiento en IP Rango de Direcc. de los hosts. Clase A (8,24): 256 redes y 224 hosts. 1.0.0.0 a 127.255.255.255 Clase B (16,16): 32,527 redes y 32,527 hosts. 128.0.0.0 a 191.255.255.255 Clase C (24,8): 224 redes y 256 hosts. 192.0.0.0 a 223.255.255.255 Clase D (4,28) 224.0.0.0 a 239.255.255.255 Clase E (4,28) 240.0.0.0 a 255.255.255.255

  10. Sample Internet 134.18.10.88 129.8.0.1 129.8.45.13 220.3.6.3 129.8.0.0 134.18.68.44 134.18.0.0 ... 222.13.16.40 222.13.16.41 220.3.6.0 ... G G 220.3.6.23 222.13.16.0 220.3.6.1 R x.y.z.t 134.18.14.21 207.42.56.0 134.18.8.21 207.42.56.2 To the rest of the internet R 124.0.0.0 124.100.33.77 124.42.5.45 124.4.51.66 ...

  11. Number of Networks and hosts in each class

  12. Direcciones Especiales

  13. Direcciones Multicast por Categoría

  14. Direcciones Multicast para Conferencia

  15. Private Networks • Issues: • Apply for a unique address and use it without being connected to internet. • Advantage: Future Integration to internet without hassle. • Disadvantage: Almost imposible to obtain a class A o B addresses these days.. • Use any class address without registering it with the internet authorities. • Advantage: They can be used without permission. • Disadvantage: The address does not have to be unique. (Confusion). • Solution: • Internet authorities have reserved a block of addresses: • Advantage: • They can be used without permission. • veryboy know that these addresses are for private networks. They are unique inside of the organization.

  16. Number of Networks and hosts in each class

  17. Exercises: • Identify the class of the following IP address: 4.5.6.7 • class A B. class B • class C D. Class D • Identify the class of the following IP address: 191.1.2.3 • class A B. class B • class C D. Class • Identify the class of the following IP address: 169.5.0.0 • class A B. class B • class C D. Class D

  18. Exercises: • Identify the class of the following IP address: 241.1.2.3 • class A. B. class B. • C. class D. Class • What of the following is a source IP address: • This host on this network. B. limited broadcast address. • Loopback address D. specific host on this network. • Using the limited broadcast address, a ______ sends a packet to ______ on the network: • host; all other hosts. B. router; all other routers. • host; a specific host D. host; itself

  19. Exercises : • What destination address can be used to send a packet from a host with IP address 188.1.1.1 to all hosts on the network. • 188.0.0.0 B. 0.0.0.0 • 255.255.255.255 D. b and c. • A host with address 142.5.0.1 needs to test internal software. What is the destination address in the packet: • 127.0.0.0 B. 127.1.1.1 • 127.127.127.127 D. all the above • A packet send form a node with IP address 198.123.46.20 to all nodes on network 198.123.46.0 requires a _____address. • unicast B. multicast • broadcast D. a or b

  20. Exercise 1: Find 7 errors 134.18.0.0 129.8.0.1 129.8.45.13 220.3.6.3 129.8.0.0 134.18.68.44 134.0.0.0 ... 222.13.16.40 220.3.0.0 ... G G 220.3.6.23 222.13.16.0 220.3.6.1 R x.y.z.t 134.18.14.21 207.42.56.1 207.42.56.0 134.18.8.21 206.42.56.2 To the rest of the internet R 124.100.33.77 124.0.0.1 124.255.255.255 124.4.51.66 ...

  21. Cap. 5 (Forouzan)

  22. Subnetting and Supernetting • IP addressing works with two levels of hierachy (netid, hostid), when the two levels of hierachy are not enough, then we can use either: • Subnetting: • Network is divided into several smaller subnetworks with each subnetwork having its own subnetwork address. • The rest of the Internet is not aware of the change. • The router knows how to route packets in the subnet. • Supernettting: • Class C address are stil available. • Combination of several class C addresses to create a larger range of addresses. • The rest of the Internet is not aware of the change.

  23. b l3 l6 a l1 d l2 l4 c l5 Subnet: Class B Subnet b l3 l6 a l1 d l2 l4 e c l5 Subnet B l3 l6 l1 R1 A D l7 G l2 F l4 Rest of Internet l5 E C Subnet

  24. Subnet (Subred) Rango de Direcc. de los hosts. • Example: Clase B (16,6,10): 32,527 redes, 62 subredes y 1,024 hosts. 128.0.0.0 a 191.255.255.255 Rango de Direcc. de los hosts. Clase B (16,10,6): 32,527 redes, 1024 subredes y 64 hosts. 128.0.0.0 a 191.255.255.255

  25. Masking • Operation to obtain the subnettwork address from an IP address. • Mask: 32-bit number, diviedn in two parts: • The bits in the mask containing 1s defines the netid or combination of netid and subnetid. • The part of the 0s define the hostid • To get the subnet address, the router applys the bit-wise-and operation on the IP address and the mask. • Ejemplo: Si se pidieron prestados 8 bits al campo del “host”, entonces la máscara seria: 255.255.255.0

  26. Special Address in Subnetting

  27. Example: 11000000.00000101.00100010.00001011 192.5.34.11 Mask: 255.255.255.0 Result: 192.5.34.0

  28. b l3 l6 a l1 d l2 l4 c l5 Subnet: Supernet Class C b l3 l6 a l1 d l2 l4 e c l5 Class C B l3 l6 l1 R1 A D l7 G l2 F l4 Rest of Internet l5 E C Class C

  29. Subnets • Example: Class C (22,2,8): 222 nets, 4 supernets y 256 hosts. 192.0.0.0 a 223.255.255.255 Clase C (20,4,8): 220 nets, 16 supernet y 256 hosts. 192.0.0.0 a 223.255.255.255

  30. Masking • Operation to obtain the subnettwork address from an IP address. • Mask: 32-bit number, divied in two parts: • The bits in the mask containing 1s defines the supernetid. • The part of the 0s define the hostid. • To get the supernet address, the router applys the bit-wise-and operation on the IP address and the mask. • Ejemplo: Si se pidieron prestados 2 bits al campo del “host”, entonces la máscara seria: 255.255.252.0

  31. Example: 11000000.00000101.00100010.00001011 192.5.34.11 Mask: 255.255.252.0 Supernet: 192.5.32.0

  32. Sample Internet 134.18.0.0 255.255.248.0 129.8.0.0 134. 255.255.192.0 ... ... ... 129.8.127.254 129.8.64.2 220.3.6.0 129.8.181.246 129.8.128.2 134. 255.255.255.248 129.8.128.0 129.8.64.0 220.3.6.10 ... 134. 220.3.6.8 129.8.64.1 129.8.128.1 134. 134. 220.3.6.14 134. 220.3.6.9 G G ... 222.13.16.40 222.13.16.41 222.13.16.0 220.3.6.241 255.255.0.0 134. 220.3.6.242 R 134. 134. x.y.z.t ... 220.3.6.16 To the rest of the internet 207.42.56.0 220.3.6.246 207.42.56.2 R 124.100.33.77 124.0.0.0 255.224.0.0 124. 124. 124. 124. 124. 124. 124. 124. 124. ... ... ...

  33. Exercises : • In Fig. 5.2, what is the mask for the network. • 255.255.0.0 C. 255.255.255.0 • 0.0.255.255 D. none of the above • A device has the IP address 190.1.2.3. What is the subnetid? • 1 C. 2 • 3 D. insufficient information to answer. • Which of the followng is the defaul mask for the address: 98.0.46.201? • 255.0.0.0 C. 255.255.0.0 • 255.255.255.0 D. 255.255.255.255

  34. Exercises: • What class of IP address does the subnet mask 255.255.128.0 operate on? • class A. C. class B. • class C D. class A,B or C. • The subenet mask for a class C network is 255.255.255.192. How many subnetworks are available? (Disregard special address): • 2 C. 4 • 8 D. 192 • A supernet mask is 255.255.248.0. How many class C networks were combined to make this supernet: • 2 C. 4 • 6 D. 8

  35. Cap. 7 (Forouzan)

  36. IP datagram 0 8 31 16 24

  37. Types of Service

  38. Default TOS

  39. IP datagram: Fragmentation Control bits 0 8 31 16 24

  40. Figure 7-7

  41. Figure 7-8

  42. IP datagram: Options 0 8 31 16 24

  43. Record Route Option 0 8 31 16 24

  44. Figure 7-14

  45. Strict Source Route Option 0 8 31 16 24

  46. Figure 7-16

  47. Loose Source Route Option 0 8 31 16 24

  48. Timestamp Option 0 8 31 16 24

  49. Figure 7-19

  50. Figure 7-20

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