Chapter 9 – East Asia

1. Chapter 9 – East Asia A – The East Asian Realm B – China C – Jakota

2. A The East Asian Realm • Major issues • World’s most populous realm. • One of the world’s earliest culture hearths. • Political and economic forces continue to transform traditional cultural landscapes. • Intensifying regional disparities. • Population concentrations in the east, situated in river basins. • Political geography reveals instability.

3. The East Asian Realm • Context • The tale of two giants (China and Japan) and a divided neighbor (Korea). • Demographic giant: China. • Economic giant: Japan. • Mongoloid race. • Also considered as the “Chinese Realm” and the “Japanese Realm”: • Korea being a “zone of interaction” between China and Japan. • Definition came after WWII. • Chinese culture area: • Mother civilization. • Japanese and Korean cultures strongly influenced by China. • East of the Himalayan mountains. • Foreign influence • Both were not influenced from the outside until late 19th century. • China was forced to open Treaty Ports (Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin, etc.). • Japan remained closed but reformed with foreign technology.

4. The East Asian Realm Mongolia Sea of Japan N. Korea China S. Korea Hunan Plateau Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau Japan Coastal Plains Guangdong Plains Taiwan Pacific Ocean Hong Kong South China Sea

5. The East Asian Realm • Physical landforms • One of the most rugged topography in the world. • Complex landforms created by tectonic activity. • Limited flat land: • Relative to the population. • Creation of space for agriculture. • Terracing and irrigation. • Maximize agricultural productivity. • Himalayas: • Indian plate hitting the East Asian plate. • Started 50 million years ago. • Contains the highest mountains in the world.

6. The East Asian Realm • Political Issues • Korea and its re-unification. • China and Taiwan. • The South China Sea. • Economic Issues • Growth and development. • Huge imbalances in the regional distribution of wealth. • Between countries. • Within countries (China). • Food supply. • Resources hungry China and Japan.

7. The East Asian Realm • Demographic issues • Overpopulation. • Urbanization and migration (China): • Moving from a rural to an industrial society. • Massive movements from the countryside to cities. • Missing female population. • Environmental issues • Strong focus on development. • Air quality (urban and regional): • 16 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in China. • Access to water (depletion of river systems and aquifers). • Depletion of natural resources.

8. B China • Geography • A factor of unity as well as diversity. • 3rd largest country in the world. • Comparable surface with Europe and the United States: • U.S.: 3.6 million square miles. • China: 3.7 million square miles. • It is a lot but not enough. • 65% of the country mountainous. • Arable land represents 12% of the national territory as opposed to 25% for the United States. • Per capita (0.086 hectare) is well below the world average. China United States

9. China

10. China • 1- Huang He (Yellow River). • Can carry up to 40% sediment weight (highest in the world). • Subject to flooding, especially in its delta. • Changed course many times. • 2- Chang Jiang (Yangtze). • Longest river, China’s main street (6,300 km). • Flood of 1998 left 14 million homeless. • 3- Pearl River delta system • Most productive and sustainable ecosystem in the world. • Rice paddies and fish ponds. • 4- Heilong Jiang (Amur). • China's border with Russia. 4 1 2 3

11. China • The Chinese Realm • East sea border. • West: Deserts and mountains. • North: Deserts. • South: Himalayas. • Cultural division between the Han realm and the China of the minorities. • Han China represents 92% of the population. • Dominantly live in mountainous or arid regions. • Geopolitical division: • Russia. • South Korea. • Taiwan. Maritime border Cultural border Physical border Turkic Mongols Arid China Gobi Takla Makan Koreas Highland China Han Tibetan Tai Miao-Yao Taiwan Political border

12. China • Agricultural diversity • North: continental climate growing wheat, sorghum and corn. • South: subtropical climate growing rice. • A China of the West with pastoralism and oasis agriculture. • China feeds approximately 25% of the world’s population with approximately 7% of the world’s arable land. Pasture and oasis Wheat Dominant Rice Dominant Double-crop rice

13. China • The three Chinas • The Coast • Forefront of modernization. • Political and economic center. • Rich, urbanized and open to the world. • The Center • Agricultural and demographic hearth. • Poor and rural China. • The West • Sparsely populated. • Region of minorities. • Most mineral resources. Coast West Center

14. China • Contrasts • Authoritarian Government / Opening of the Economy. • Inward-Looking History / Outward-Looking Future. • Rural Interior / Urbanizing Coast. • Wheat Growing North / Rice Growing South. • Hans / Minorities. • Mandarin Hans / Non-Mandarin Hans (Cantonese, Wu, Hakka, etc.). Command Market Openness Isolation Wheat Rural Urban Rice

15. China • Demographics... • More people than the combined population of Europe, the Americas and Japan. • Any change has global ramifications. • The demography of China is a powerful trend (1.29 billion): • About 14-17 million people are added each year in 1980s. • Average of 13 million people per year in the 1990s. • 10 million people per year in the 2000s. • About 1.5 billion by 2050. • 400 million Chinese live in towns and cities (30-35%). • 64% of the population lives in rural areas (950 millions). • 343 million females are in their reproductive age.

16. The Population of China, 0-2050

17. Chinese Population, 1949-2000 (in millions) (projections to 2050)

18. Population of Selected Chinese Provinces, 1998

19. China • The problems of controlling it... • The population exploded after 1949. • Population control was secondary. • Mao Zedong saw numbers as a workforce and a way to fight the Soviet Union and the United States. • Calls for women to “breed for the motherland”. • Population distribution • Excessive concentration: • 50% of the population lives on 8.2% of the land. • Bulk of the population along the coast. • East China accounts for 90% of the population. • 56%, about 728 million, are living in mountainous areas. • High density rural areas.

20. China • Current issues • Population growth undermines Chinese development (education, health, food, transportation). • About 10 million persons reach the job market each year. • Increasing ethnic diversity: • The government had not enforced the One Child Policy among the country’s 55 recognized minority groups. • They had increased their share of still predominantly Han population to 8% in 2000 from 6.7% in 1982. • Missing female population. • Sustaining agriculture. • Coping with huge urban growth.

21. Population Pyramid of China, 2000

22. China • Recent problems • Increasing the agricultural output: • Agricultural output increased significantly in the 1990s due to reforms. • About 10 million new mouths to feed each year with declining agricultural surfaces. • Production of grain is diverted to livestock (meat) and other produces (e.g. beer). • Traditional land structures have reach optimal capacity: • Output cannot be increased without the usage of modern techniques such as machinery and fertilizers. • Farm size is too small (less than 1 hectare per household in coastal areas). • Limited investments in agriculture by the peasant.

23. China • Land ownership: • Peasants do not own the land they use (collectivization). • With reforms, most of the land has been rented. • Peasants victims of high taxes and arbitrary expropriation. • Urbanization, industrialization and transport: • Decreased agricultural land in the most productive areas. • Speculation around cities towards golf courses and leisure centers at the expanse of agriculture. • The state is investing less in agriculture. • Local authorities are more interested by business (more taxes). • Dependency: • China is now a net importer of grain. • By 2030, China would need to import the current global grain production.

24. Production and Yield of Paddy Rice in China, 1961-2004

25. Production and Yield of Wheat in China, 1961-2004

26. China • The appeal of modernization • For the last 500 years, China had an inferiority complex. • Strong pressure to portray China as a modernizing nation. • Large investments in grandiose projects: • Three Gorges Dam. • First maglev train in Shanghai (2003). • First Chinese in space (2003). • New international airports (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou). • 2008 Olympics. • Development of the telecom market: • Easier and cheaper to switch to the latest technology. • China has 300 million cell phone subscribers. • 5 million new subscribers per month. • 70% of Beijing resident have a cell phone; 60% for Shanghai (2002). • 42% of the Guangdong province population; 30 million. • Half of the rural residents have a television.

27. China • Growing consumption of resources • Economic growth has increased China’s consumption of resources: • “The Dragon is hungry”. • Consumes 50% of the world’s cement. • 30% of the coal. • 40% of the steel. • Second largest consumer of oil after the United States. • Energy supply problems with increasing blackouts. • Completion of a natural gas pipeline in 2004 (Tarim Basin to Shanghai). • Driving up global commodity prices: • Increased global competition caused by China. • Fear that China may “export inflation”. • China may hit a “resource wall” inhibiting future developments.

28. China • World dominance in manufacturing • Two processes: • Addition of new manufacturing activities either the outcome of FDI or internal investments (modern facilities). • The closing down of many manufacturing activities, mainly the outcome of Chinese competition and/or comparative advantages. • 50% of the world's TVs. • 60% of the world's cell phones. • 50% the world's shoes (and 95% of those sold in the United States). • 80% of the toys sold in the United States. • 90% of the sporting goods sold in the United States. • 100% of Levi's blue jeans are now made in China.

29. China • Industrial development problems • Pulling out millions of Chinese out of poverty: • More than 200 million peasants live on less than $1 a day. • Justifies any policy and project. • Important environmental costs. • Inequality is becoming a standard: • Wages remain $50 to $70 per month. • With inflation, standards of living are going down. • Guangdong; the Manchester of the 21st century. • Chinese exports are similar to Pacific Asian exports: • Intense competition from Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. • China is however winning the competition war. • Industrial overcapacity: • Over investment. • Over supply of consumption goods, driving prices down.

30. C Jakota • The Jakota triangle • Japan, South Korea, Taiwan. • The most advanced segment of the region. • Rapid economic development. • Great cities: • Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei. • Enormous consumption of raw materials. • State-of-the-art industries. • Voluminous exports. • Global links. • Trades surpluses.

31. Japan • Location • “jih-pen” in Chinese: • Since Western civilizations encountered China before Japan, the name “Japan” stuck. • Nihon (or Nippon), meaning “Source of the sun”. • Relative isolation in Pacific Asia: • Insularity. • Do not share a land border with any country. • Maritime access: • Shimaguni (island country) • Labeled as the Great Britain of the Pacific. Contemporary Flag Imperial Flag

32. Japan • Economic domination • Small-sized country; the size of California. • Average-sized population (127 millions). • Very limited array of resources: • Favored the development of trade. • What Japan does not have on its national territory is obtained through trade. • Its industrial corporations and its banks are controlling a significant array of resources. • Domination of the Pacific Asian economy: • Vast national market. • Productive labor force. • Financial power. • Technological innovator.

33. Japan • Linking the main Japanese islands • Required the construction of bridges and tunnels. • Impressive engineering achievements. • 1) Seto-Ohashi bridge: • Shikoku/Honshu. • Naruto Strait. • 2) Kanmon bridge: • Strait of Shimonoseki. • Kyushu/Honshu. • 3) Seikan tunnel: • Tsugaru Strait (Honshu/Hokkaido) • 33 miles, 1988, longest in the world. Hokkaido 3 Sea of Japan Honshu 2 1 Shikoku Kyushu

34. Japan • Physical constraints • Physical geography increases the territorial exiguity. • 16% of the land is habitable. • Fight against the scarcity of space: • Long narrow valleys. • Concentration of agricultural productivity. • Efficient management of existing agricultural land. • Kanto plain: • 30.5% of the population. • 8.3% of the surface of Japan. • 50% of the flat territory. • Most of the Japanese population lives on an area the size of Indiana. Hokkaido Honshu Kanto Plain Nobi Plain Yamato Plain Shikoku Kyushu

35. Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-2004 (in millions)

36. Global Production per Car Manufacturer, 2001

37. The Shinkansen High Speed Rail Network Operational Under Construction Hokkaido Planned Sapporo Hakodate Aomori Hachinohe Akita Morioka Shinjo Yamagata Sendai Niigita Fukushima Nagano Takasaki Kanazawa Omiya Honshu Tokyo Nagoya Okayama Shimonoseki Osaka Shikoku Fukowa Nagasaki Kyushu kagoshima

38. South Korea • Geography • “The shrimp between the whales”. • About the size of Indiana. • Population of 48 million. • Highly homogenous ethnicity and linguistically (100% Korean). • Religiously divided between Christianity (49%) and Buddhism (47%). • 75% urban with 27% of the population living in Seoul (13 million). • 5 million Koreans live oversea: • 1 million in the United States. China North Korea Sea of Japan Demilitarized zone South Korea Japan

39. South Korea • The Korean War (1950-1953) • Antagonism of the two new nations: • Supported by China and the USSR. • Invasion of South Korea by North Korea (1950). • United Nations intervention: • Multinational force intervened and repelled the invasion (1951). • Military intervention of China (1952). • An armistice was signed (1953): • Both countries are still technically at war. • 4 million civilian perished. • Millions of refugees trapped in the division of Korea. • The demilitarized zone of the 38th parallel: • 240 km in length and 4 km in width. • Current border between the Koreas. • The United States maintains a force of 45,000 troops.

40. LCD Shipments, 2004 (in millions)

41. Taiwan • Geographical Context • About 150 km (100 miles) from the coast of southeast China. • About the size of Idaho. • Similar constraints than neighboring countries: • 60% of the territory is composed of mountains. • Chungyang Range covers about 50% the total land area. • 25% usable for agriculture. • Bulk of the population lives in the western coastal plain. • Quemoy and Matsu islands: • Used for defensive purposes. Matsu China Taiwan Formosa Strait Quemoy Chungyang Range

42. Taiwan • The integration of the two Chinas • During the 1980s the PRC offered the ROC reintegration and an autonomous status. • Strong ideological conflicts prevents reintegration. • Tiananmen massacre (1989): • Reinforced mistrust towards mainland China. • Provided additional support by the United States. • One China Policy: • Rapprochement with China (1991): • Declaration of the end of hostilities (Chinese Civil War). • Recognition of the existence of the PRC by the ROC. • Taiwan government recognized there is one China and that Taiwan is a province of China (1995). • Officially gave up its pretension of being the representative government of China.

43. Taiwan • Towards the first Chinese democracy in history • 40 years of economic growth, independence and a market economy has changed considerably the Taiwanese society. • Democratization and multiparty system (1987). • The firsts elections are organized (1989): • Ending 40 years of single party government. • Put back the Kuomintang in power (this time a legitimate power). • Affirmation of the Taiwanese identity. • Creates an uneasy situation with the PRC: • Reintegration becomes more problematic.