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Effects of Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Wind Streams on the Earth’s Radiation Belts

Effects of Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Wind Streams on the Earth’s Radiation Belts. D.N. Baker , S. Kanekal, X. Li, S. Elkington Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences University of Colorado - Boulder. Adiabatic Invariants.

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Effects of Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Wind Streams on the Earth’s Radiation Belts

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  1. Effects of Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Wind Streams on the Earth’s Radiation Belts D.N. Baker, S. Kanekal, X. Li, S. Elkington Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences University of Colorado - Boulder

  2. Adiabatic Invariants Associated with each motion is a corresponding adiabatic invariant: • Gyro: M=p2/2m0B • Bounce: K • Drift: L • M: perpendicular motion • K: parallel motion • L: radial distance of eq-crossing in a dipole field If the fields guiding the particle change slowly compared to the characteristic motion, the corresponding invariant is conserved. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  3. The Earth’s Radiation Belts Contours of the omnidirectional flux (particles per square centimeter per second) of protons with energies greater than 10 MeV Contours of the omnidirectional flux of electrons with energies greater than 0.5 MeV LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  4. The South Atlantic Anomaly Region TOPEX (1992-1998)andTERRA-MODIS (2001) LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  5. Solar Activity Cycle LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  6. The Disturbed Solar Wind: Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) • Occur most often near the peak of the Sun’s 11-year activity cycle • Propel >109 tons of matter into interplanetary space • Can travel at speeds exceeding 2000 km/s • Drive interplanetary shocks • Can trigger geomagnetic storms when they impact Earth’s magnetosphere LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  7. Coronal Mass Ejection - Earth Impact Courtesy of NASA LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  8. Impulsive Injection Due to Shock Wave [Li et al., 1993] LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  9. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  10. Outer Belt Electrons: 1992-2002 LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  11. Mapping of the Radiation Belt SAMPEX: 18 August 1993 LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  12. Dynamic Radiation Belts: 1993-1995 LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  13. Acceleration by Radial Transport Nonrelativistically, and in a dipole, or so transport in L while conserving M will necessarily lead to change in energy, W. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  14. Transport in M, K: Local Heating LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  15. Whistler mode chorus at dawn combined with EMIC interactions heat and isotropize particles Leads to transport in M, K, and L Local Heating Example:Resonant Interactions with VLF Waves Summers et al. (JGR 103, 20487, 1998) proposed that resonant interactions with VLF waves could heat particles: LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  16. MHD Simulations of ULF Power, 09/24/1998 • ULF power in MHD shows expected radial, frequency dependence • Azimuthal dependence: frequently see structure in local time LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  17. Shear Waves and Particle Acceleration • Limited local time: propagating waves dusk and counterpropagating waves dawn still lead to energization LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  18. MHD Simulation of a Strong Storm LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  19. MHD/Particle Simulations of Energetic Electron Trapping • 60 keV test electrons, constant M • Started 20 RE downtail, 15s intervals • Evolves naturally under MHD E and B fields • Removed from simulation at magnetopause • Color coded by energy LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  20. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  21. High-Energy Electrons LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  22. High-Energy Electrons: Deep-Dielectric Charging 4. Electrons build up faster than they leak off 1. Electrons bury themselves in the insulator 5. Discharge (electrical spark) that damages or destroys the material 2. Electrons slowly leak out of the insulator 3. Influx of electrons increases to levels higher than the leakage rate LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  23. Star Tracker Anomalies at GEO Baker et al. (1987) LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  24. Anomalies Due to Dielectric Charging Probability of discharges goes up dramatically with increasing electron fluence. Vampola (1977) LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  25. Gives a single “Radiation Belt Electron content” Index (RBI) Idea introduced in Baker et al. (1999) Integrates over energy spectrum and 2.5 < L < 6.5 Radiation Belt Content Index LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  26. RBI-Solar Wind Speed Comparison • Many operational anomalies in 1994 period • Late 1993 and early 1994 were remarkable times for VSW LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  27. ANIK/Intelsat failures in January 1994 occurred during the highest radiation belt content interval of the last decade ANIK Failures: Deep-Dielectric Charging ANIK Anomalies LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  28. Builds on idea of radiation belt “coherence” Annual and seasonal averaging is readily done Gives a true global view The RBI Allows Averaging and Superposition Baker et al., GRL (1999) LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  29. Radiation Belt Content : POLAR/SAMPEX Baker et al., JGR (2001) LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  30. October 2003 Events LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  31. The Halloween Storm in the Heliosphere LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  32. D. N. Baker et al., Nature, 16 Dec 2004 LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  33. POLAR Genesis KODAMA, Mars Odyssey ADEOS-2, Stardust, Chandra, Various GOES NOAA-17 RHESSI INTEGRAL, Chandra, SMART-1 Spacecraft Anomalies: October-November LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  34. Day-to-Day Variation of the Radiation Belts LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  35. Selected Days: Outer Belt Properties LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  36. Resonant Scattering Plasmasphere He+ 15% 30.4 nm EUV (Courtesy of J. Goldstein ) LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  37. EUV Images of the Plasmasphere Global EUV He+ Image Plasmasphere He+ 15% plasmasphere LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  38. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  39. Extreme Plasmasphere Erosion LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  40. LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  41. D. N. Baker et al., Nature, 16 Dec 2004 LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  42. Regions of Wave-Particle Interactions LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

  43. Largest Flare in Recorded History, Extremely Fast CME - Narrow Miss at Earth X-28 Class Flare Fast CME, 2657 km/s SEP Glancing Blow LWS CDAW Workshop 14 March 2005

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