HUMANISM

1. Believed people should be well-rounded and study many subjects Belief in the individual HUMANISM Reflected in Science and Religion Science: Use direct observation to explain the world around them. Religion: Humanists want evidence to support religious beliefs Would you rather be told about life or experience it yourself?

2. Charting Scientific Breakthroughs The Scientific Revolution Renaissance All information taken from History Alive!

3. Scientific Revolution This activity will allow you to learn about five men from the Renaissance who challenged traditional beliefs about science and helped usher in the period known as the Scientific Revolution, which emphasized careful observation of the natural world. Remember, their work was not always well-received by the Church or by those people who held traditional views. These men took risks in the name of knowledge. William Harvey Nicolaus Copernicus Andreas Vesalius Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton During this activity you will learn about the contributions each of these men made to science, still affecting us today.

4. Overview of Activity You will need: What you will do: • Student Handout 4.1A: Flowchart on Scientific Breakthroughs (1 per group) • Tape together • One set of information cards • Read the clues provided on each of the flow-charts below. • Read the information cards. • Place them on the flow chart where you think they belong.

5. Helpful hints to complete your flow chart: Take a look at Nicolaus Copernicus, for example. Notice his daring idea, already in place. Read through your information cards to locate cards that talk about “earth” , “sun” or “planets”. Try to figure out where the cards go to complete the flow chart for Nicolaus Copernicus. Using this method complete the flow chart for all 5 scientists. Example: Nicolaus Copernicus The earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Traditional Belief Before Scientific Revolution Scientists Daring Idea Scientist’s Observations Reaction from Community Lasting Impact The earth is at the center of the universe. It stays fixed in a permanent place, with the sun and the planets revolving around it. Spent years mapping the locations of the planets, using complex mathematical calculations. His ideas were rejected by most people, many of whom claimed that it would take more than mathematics to explain how the planets moved. His theory (idea) provided the foundation for the modern science of astronomy (the study of planets). Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

6. NicolausCopernicus(1473-1543) • Nicolaus Copernicus is considered the founder of modern astronomy. In his most famous work, De revolutionaibusorbiumcoelestium(On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres), he introduced his heliocentric hypothesis: that the earth was one of several heavenly bodies that, turning on their axes, all revolve around the sun. Although challenged by many other scholars at first, his ideas eventually revolutionized Europe’s conception of the universe. Copernicus’ book was also an indispensable prologue to the scientific discoveries of Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.

7. Time to Check Your Flow Charts for Correctness

8. Scientist: William Harvey The same blood is constantly recycled through the heart. Arteries and veins carry the blood to and from the heart, which acts like a pump. Traditional Belief Before Scientific Revolution Scientists Daring Idea Scientist’s Observations Reaction from Community Lasting Impact Food is turned into blood in the heart. Arteries and veins are empty and serve as air tubes. Observed that a bound artery would fill with blood in the section nearer the heart, while the portion away from the heart would empty. Many physicians were unwilling to accept the idea that human blood is constantly being re-circulated through a closed system of arteries and veins. His research is considered the origin (starting point) of the modern science of physiology (the study of how the body functions). William Harvey (1578-1657)

9. William Harvey(1578-1657) • William Harvey was an English doctor and teacher. He was the first to correctly describe and prove that blood circulates though the body and that the heart is responsible for pumping blood. Harvey’s renowned book An Anatomical Treatise on the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals, published in 1628, has been called the most important book in the basic understanding it provides of how the human body works.

10. Scientist: Andreas Vesalius To completely understand human anatomy, it is necessary to dissect the dead bodies of humans, not those of animals. Traditional Belief Before Scientific Revolution Scientists Daring Idea Scientist’s Observations Reaction from Community Lasting Impact It is a sin to dissect dead human bodies. Dissected large numbers of human bodies and made precise sketches of what he saw. His ideas were accepted by many, but he wrote a book to defend his ideas against a few powerful critics. His work proved wrong many ancient ideas about human anatomy and helped begin the modern sciences of anatomy and physiology. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

11. Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564) • With his monumental work, De humanicorporisfabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body), the Flemish physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius brought innovation to the study of human anatomy that had been dormant for more than 1,500 years. His observations challenged the works of Galen, a second-century physician whose theories, based on the dissection of animals, were widely believed. Vesalius’s work also established the principle that scientific knowledge is found by observing nature, not by reading and thinking about ancient books. His Fabrica recorded the first sizable body of scientific observation since ancient times, and its publication marked the dawn of modern science.

12. Scientist: Galileo Galilei Only through precise observation can one determine what celestial bodies are made of. Traditional Belief Before Scientific Revolution Scientists Daring Idea Scientist’s Observations Reaction from Community Lasting Impact Celestial bodies(the moon, planets, and stars) are perfect spheres made of ether (a type of gas) Used personally built telescope and observed that the moon was not smooth, but had numerous craters and high mountains. Church officials refused to accept his claims. Some claimed that what appeared in the lens of the telescope were optical illusions. Invention of the telescope led to a series of important astronomical discoveries: Jupiter had moons, the sun had large spots, visual proof that the earth revolved around the sun. Galileo Galilei (1564-1652)

13. Galileo Galilei(1564-1652) • Galileo Galilei of Italy is considered one of the most influential scientists in Western history. He is renowned for scientific discoveries such as the law of inertia, his invention of the telescope, his astronomical observations, and for his genius in proving the Copernican hypothesis. Perhaps his greatest legacy, however, is his perfections of the scientific method. Galileo’s emphasis on careful, quantitative measurements continues to be a basic feature of scientific research.

14. Scientist: Isaac Newton The same force that pulls an object to earth—like an apple falling to the ground—keeps the moon and planets in orbit around the sun. Traditional Belief Before Scientific Revolution Scientists Daring Idea Scientist’s Observations Reaction from Community Lasting Impact Spirits and divinities control the movement of the planets. Used complex mathematics to demonstrate that any two objects in the universe pull toward each other. His ideas were accepted by most scientists, and he was praised by England’s queen.. His theories (ideas) created the foundation for many scientific fields, including astronomy, engineering, and physics. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

15. Isaac Newton(1642-1727) • Isaac Newton of England is considered the greatest and most influential scientist in history. Newton made major contributions to the understanding of motion, gravity, heat, and light. He is said to have discovered the principle of gravity when he saw an apple fall to the ground at the same time that the moon was visible in the sky. He described this theory and many others in his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Newton also created a system of advanced mathematics called caldulus.

16. Rank the Scientists from Least Influential to Most Influential You will need a pencil. With your group decide which scientist had the greatest impact on science today. Share with the class as asked by your teacher.

17. Paper Plate Assignment What you will need: What you will do: • 1 Paper Plate • Pencil • Colored Pencils or Crayons • Scientists Handout • Protractor • Using the handout about the 5 scientists we have studied from the Scientific Revolution order them from least influential to most influential by numbering them 1-5. • Decide how much influence (in percentages) each scientist had on the Renaissance and today. • Create a pie chart. • Divide the pie chart into 5 sections of varying sizes to represent the percentage of influence each scientist had on the Renaissance. • Write a paragraph that explains who you picked as the most influential scientist and explain how his discoveries still impact us today. In other words give evidence that shows the scientist’s impact on today’s world.

18. Paper Plate Assignment Example of Pie Chart (Front of Paper Plate) Example of Paragraph (Back of Paper Plate) • I think __________________ is the most influential scientist because… (Give evidence from the handout and from present-day examples.) • Your paragraph should be approximately 8-10 sentences.

19. Paper Plate Assignment Background knowledge What you will do: • You have learned how to create pie charts (circle graphs) in your Science class. I expect you to use those skills while you are in this class. • To the right is a review of what you learned in science about making pie charts (circle graphs). • Turn your percent into a decimal. (50% =.50; 75% = .75) • Take the decimal and multiply it by 360 to get a degree ( .50 * 360 = 180 ; .07 * 360 = 25 ) • All degrees should add up to 360. • Use your protractor!

20. Paper Plate Assignment How you will be graded: When you finish: • ___/2 Name on back of paper plate. • ___/5 Created a pie chart where percentages add up to 100% • ____/2 Includes a title for your chart. • ___/10 Each section of the pie chart is labeled with one scientist’s name and their percentage of influence • ___/15 Paragraph is typed on the back of the paper plate and includes evidence. • ___/2 Each section is colored a different color and names/percentages are easy to read. _____/36 _____% PROJECT GRADE • Staple the rubric to the front of your paper plate. • Turn paper plates into your class period’s basket.