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Alterations of the GI Tract

Alterations of the GI Tract. Clinical Manifestations of GI Dysfunction. Anorexia Vomiting Constipation Diarrhea GI Bleeding. Disorders of Motility. Dysphagia

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Alterations of the GI Tract

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  1. Alterations of the GI Tract

  2. Clinical Manifestations of GI Dysfunction • Anorexia • Vomiting • Constipation • Diarrhea • GI Bleeding

  3. Disorders of Motility • Dysphagia • Defined as difficulty swallowing, and can result from mechanical obstruction or a functional disorder that impairs esophageal motility.

  4. Disorders of Motility • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) • GERD “is the reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1458).

  5. Disorders of Motility • Hiatal Hernia • A type of diaphragmatic hernia in which the upper portion of the stomach herniates up through the diaphragm into the thorax (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1459).

  6. Disorders of Motility • Pyloric Obstruction • Defined as the narrowing or blocking of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1460).

  7. Disorders of Motility • Intestinal Obstruction and Ileus • “Caused by any condition that prevents the normal flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen or failure of normal intestinal motility in the absence of an obstructing lesion” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1460).

  8. Gastritis • Two Types • Acute • Chronic

  9. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Three Types • Duodenal Ulcers • Gastric Ulcers • Stress-Related Mucosal Disease • Postgastrectomy Syndrome

  10. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Duodenal Ulcers • Greatest frequency of any PUD. • Possible association with type “O” blood. Duodenal Ulcer

  11. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Gastric Ulcers • Occur in populations between ages 55-65 • One fourth as common as duodenal ulcers • Symptoms similar to duodenal ulcers. H. pylori

  12. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Stress Related Mucosal Disease • Acute peptic ulcer disease associated with physiologic stress. • Three Categories • Ischemic Ulcers • Curling Ulcer • Cushing Ulcer

  13. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Postgastrectomy Syndromes • Dumping Syndrome • Alkaline Reflux Gastritis • Afferent Loop Obstruction • Diarrhea • Weight Loss • Anemia

  14. Malabsorption Syndromes • Pancreatic insufficiency • Lactase Deficiency • Bile Salt Deficiency

  15. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Five Types • Ulcerative Colitis • Crohn’s Disease • Diverticular Disease of the Colon • Appendicitis • Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  16. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis • “Chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa and extends proximally from the rectum into the colon” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1471).

  17. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Crohn’s Disease “An idiopathic inflammatory disorder that affects any part of the [GI] tract from the mouth to the anus” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1473).

  18. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Diverticular Disease of the Colon • “Herniations or saclike outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the colonic wall” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1474). • Two Types • Diverticulosis (Asymptomatic) • Diverticulitis (Symptomatic)

  19. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Appendicitis • “An inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the apex of the cecum” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1475).

  20. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) • Is a nonspecific disorder describing an inflammation of the GI tract related to life circumstances behaviors or dietary intolerances.

  21. Disorders of Nutrition • Obesity • Anorexia Nervosa • Bulimia Nervosa • Starvation

  22. Disorders of Nutrition • Obesity • Defined as having a body mass index greater than 30 (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1477).

  23. Disorders of Nutrition • Anorexia Nervosa • An obsessive compulsive psychiatric disorder revolving around weight and food intake (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1480).

  24. Disorders of Nutrition • Bulimia Nervosa • More common than anorexia nervosa. • Affects the same population • Body weight remains near normal with aspirations of weight loss (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1481).

  25. Disorders of Nutrition • Starvation • Short Term • Long Term

  26. The End

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