How To Make Biological Molecules (Ch. 5)

1. How To Make Biological Molecules(Ch. 5)

2. Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules • macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

3. H2O HO H HO H HO H Polymers • Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain • monomers • building blocks • repeated small units • covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

4. H2O HO H HO H enzyme HO H How to build a polymer You gotta be open to“bonding! • Synthesis • joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O • requires energy & enzymes Dehydration synthesis Condensationreaction

5. H2O HO H enzyme H HO H HO How to break down a polymer Breaking upis hard to do! • Digestion • use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– • H+ & OH– attach to ends • requires enzymes • releases energy Hydrolysis Digestion

6. Any Questions??

7. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energymolecules

8. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O • Function: • energy • energy storage • raw materials • structural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars, starches, cellulose (CH2O)x C6H12O6

9. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

10. Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

11. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutionsin biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered

12. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

13. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

14. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

15. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar) Let’s go to the videotape!

16. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • in liver & muscles • structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

17. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) What doesbranching do? energystorage glycogen (animal) Let’s go to the videotape! fast release

18. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

19. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

20. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose • most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tasteslike hay!Who can liveon this stuff?!

21. Chitin, a different structural polysaccharide CH2OH O OH H H OH H OH H H NH O C CH3 (b) Chitin forms the exo- skeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. It is also found in Fungal Cell Walls. (a) The structure of the chitin monomer. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.

22. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

23. Helpful bacteria • How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage Tell me aboutthe rabbits,again, George! I eatWHAT! Ruminants

24. EAT X Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

25. Review Questions

26. 0 1. Polymers of glucose units are used as temporary food storage in both plant and animal cells. Glucose units are connected to one another by 1, 4-linkages to make a linear polymer and by 1, 6-linkages to make branch points.

27. (cont.) Polysaccharides of glucose unitsvary in size. The three most commonly encountered are: 0

28. 0 • (cont.) When each polymer bond is made, a water molecule is released and becomes part of the cell water. How many water molecules were released during formation of each of the Glycogen? A. 1,000,000 B. 2,000,000 C. 2,666,666 D. 3,000,000 E. 3,300,000

29. Which of the following is a polymer? • Simple sugar (aka monosaccharide) • Carbon atoms • Glucose • Cellulose • deoxyribose

30. Starch and Glycogen both • Serve as energy storage for organisms • Provide structure and support • III. Are structural isomers of glucose • I only • II only • I and II only • I and III only • I, II, and III