Tax Incidence and Deadweight Loss

1. Tax Incidence and Deadweight Loss

2. Excise Taxes • Tax charged on each unit of a good or service that is sold • Most common tax • Gasoline, cigarettes • Local governments impose excise taxes on services (hotel room rentals)

3. Excise Tax • Renting a room in Potterville • Without taxes, • equilibrium price of a room $80 • Equilibrium quantity of hotel rooms rented is 10,000 • Now, government imposes an excise tax of $40 per night • Means – every time a room is rented for the night, the owner of the hotel must pay the city $40 • What does this imply about the supply curve?

4. Equilibrium price The Supply and Demand for Hotel Roomsin Potterville Price of hotel room $140 120 S 100 E 80 B 60 D 40 20 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 Quantity of hotel rooms Equilibrium quantity

5. Excise Tax • Graph shows that the post-tax supply curve shifts up by the amount of the tax compared to the pre-tax supply curve • At every quantity supplied, the supply price has increased by $40

6. An Excise Tax Imposed on Hotel Owners Price S Supply curve shifts upward by the amount of the tax 2 $140 120 A S 100 1 E Excise tax = $40 per room 80 60 D B 40 20 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 Quantity of hotel rooms

7. Excise Tax • The graph also shows the results of a quota placed on sales • A quota drives a wedge between the price paid by consumers and the price received by producers • Excise taxes does the same thing • Excise tax on hotel rooms is actually a tax on the producers (hotel owners) not the guest

8. Excise Tax • What happens if the city levied a tax on consumers instead of producers? • Hotel guests pay $40 for each night stayed

9. An Excise Tax Imposed on Hotel Guests Price $140 Demand curve shifts downward by the amount of the tax 120 A S 100 E Excise tax = $40 per room 80 60 D 1 B 40 20 D 2 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 Quantity of hotel rooms

10. Both graphs show the same price effect Consumers pay an effective price of $100, producers receive an effective price of $60, and 5,000 hotel rooms are bought and sold **It doesn’t matter who officially pays the tax – the equilibrium outcome is the same

11. Tax Incidence • Incidence of a tax is a measure of who really pays it • Who really bears the burden of the tax? • In reality, between consumers and producers, one group bears more of a burden than the other

12. Excise Tax Paid by Consumers • What determines how the burden of an excise tax is allocated between consumers and producers? • Depends on the shape of the supply and demand curve • Depends on the price elasticity of supply and the price elasticity of demand

13. An Excise Tax Paid Mainly By Consumers When the price elasticity of demand is low and the price elasticity of supply is high, the burden of an excise tax falls mainly on consumers. Price of gasoline (per gallon) $2.95 Tax burden falls mainly on consumers Excise tax = $1 per gallon S 2.00 1.95 D 0 Quantity of gasoline (gallons)

14. Excise Tax Paid by Consumers • Two key assumptions: • Price elasticity of demand for gasoline is assumed to be very low, so the demand curve is relatively steep • Price elasticity of supply of gasoline is assumed to be very high, so the supply curve is relatively flat • **When the price elasticity of demand is low and the price of elasticity of supply is high, the burden of an excise tax falls mainly on consumers **

15. Excise Tax Paid by Consumers • **When the price elasticity of demand is low and the price of elasticity of supply is high, the burden of an excise tax falls mainly on consumers ** • WHY? • A low price elasticity of demand means that consumers have few substitutes and so little alternatives to buying higher-priced gasoline

16. An Excise Tax Paid Mainly by Producers When the price elasticity of demand is high and the price elasticity of supply is low, the burden of an excise tax falls mainly on producers. Price of parking space S $6.50 6.00 D Excise tax = $5 per parking space Tax burden falls mainly on producers 1.50 0 Quantity of parking spaces

17. Excise Tax on Consumers & Producers • When the price elasticity of demand is higher than the price elasticity of supply, an excise tax falls mainly on producers. When the price elasticity of supply is higher than the price elasticity of demand, an excise tax falls mainly on consumers • Elasticity (not who pays the tax) determines the incidence of an excise tax

18. Benefits and Costs of Taxation • If government is consider whether to impose a tax or how to design a tax system, it must weigh the benefits of a tax against its loses • Benefit of a tax is the revenue it raises for the government to pay for these services • Although, comes at a cost – cost is normally larger than the amount consumers and producers pay

19. Revenue from an Excise Tax • How much revenue foes the government collect from an excise tax? • In example of hotel rooms……amount is equal to the area of the shaded rectangle

20. The Revenue from an Excise Tax Price of hotel room The tax revenue collected is: Tax revenue = $40 per room × 5,000 rooms = $200,000 $140 120 A S 100 E Excise tax = $40 per room Area = tax revenue 80 60 D B The area of the shaded rectangle is: Area = Height × Width = $40 per room × 5,000 rooms = $200,000 40 20 0 6 5,000 10,000 15,000 Quantity of hotel rooms

21. Revenue from an Excise Tax • General Principle: The revenue collected by an excise tax is equal to the area of the rectangle whose height is the tax wedge between the supply and demand curves and whose width is the quantity transacted under the tax.

22. Tax Rates and Revenue • From graph above, $40 per room is the tax rate on hotel rooms • Tax rate is the amount of tax levied per unit of whatever is being taxed • Tax rates can be in dollar amount per unit of good or service • Or they are defined as the percentage of the price

23. Tax Rates and Revenue • Relationship between tax rates and revenue: • Not a one-for-one relationship • Generally, doubling the excise tax rate on a good or service won’t double the amount of revenue collected, because the tax increase will reduce the quantity of the good or service transacted • This relationship is not always positive, some cases raising the tax rate actually reduces the amount of revenue the government collects

24. Area = tax revenue Area = tax revenue Tax Rates and Revenue (a) An excise tax of $20 (b) An excise tax of $60 Price of hotel room Price of hotel room $140 $140 120 120 110 S S 90 E E Excise tax = $20 per room Excise tax = $60 per room 80 80 70 D D 50 40 40 20 20 0 6 ,000 7,500 10,000 15,000 0 2,500 5,000 10,000 15,000 Quantity of hotel rooms Quantity of hotel rooms

25. Tax Rates and Revenue • Setting a tax rate high deters a significant number of transactions which is likely to lead to a fall in tax revenue • Two ways to think about this: • 1. tax increase means that the government raises more revenue for each unit of the good sold, which other think equal would lead to a rise in tax revenue

26. Tax Rates and Revenue • The tax increase reduces the quantity of sales, which other thinks equal would lead to a fall in tax revenue • What is the end result? • Depends both on the price elasticizes of supply and demand and on the initial level of tax

27. Tax Rates and Revenue • If the price elasticities of both supply and demand are low, the tax increase won’t reduce the quantity of the good sold very much, so that the tax revenue would definitely rise • If the price elasticities are high, the result is less certain; of they are high enough, the tax reduces the quantitative sold so much that the tax revenue falls • Also, if the initial tax rate is low, the government doesn't lose much revenue from the decline in the quantity of the good sold, so the tax increase will definitely increase tax revenue

28. Tax Rates and Revenue • Also, if the initial tax rate is low, the government doesn't lose much revenue from the decline in the quantity of the good sold, so the tax increase will definitely increase tax revenue • If the initial tax rate is high, the result again is less certain • Tax revenue is likely to fall or rise very little from a tax increase only in cases where the price elasticities are high and there is already a high tax rate

29. The Costs of Taxation • What is the cost of taxation? • Actually, a tax, like a quota, prevents mutually beneficial transactions from occurring • Remember the tax on hotel rooms? • Due to the wedge created by the tax, some transactions don’t occur that would have occurred without the tax • Remember deadweight loss? • The cost to society is inefficient—the value of the forgone mutually beneficial transactions

30. Fall in consumer surplus due to tax Fall in producer surplus due to tax A Tax Reduces Consumer and Producer Surplus P r i c e S P C A B Excise tax = T P E E F C P P D Q Q Quantity T E

31. Tax Rates and Revenue • A fall in the price of a good generates a gain in consumer surplus. • Similarly, a price increase causes a loss to consumers. • So it’s not surprising that in the case of an excise tax, the rise in the price paid by consumers causes a loss. • Meanwhile, the fall in the price received by producers leads to a fall in producer surplus.  A tax reduces both, the CS and the PS

32. Tax Rates and Revenue • Using a triangle to measure deadweight loss is a technique used in many economic applications • Used to measure deadweight loss produces by types of taxes other than excise tax, used to measure deadweight loss produced by monopolies, used to evaluate the benefits and costs of public policies because taxation

33. Tax Rates and Revenue • When looking at the total amount of inefficiency caused by a tax, we must also take into account resources actually used by the government to collect the tax, and by taxpayers to pay it, over and above the amount of the tax • Administrative costs of taxes are the resources lost • i.e. the amount of time people spend filling out their income tax forms and or the money they spend paying someone else to prepare their tax forms

34. Tax Rates and Revenue • The total inefficiency caused by a tax is the sum of its deadweight loss and its administrative costs. The general rule for economic policy is that, other things equal, a tax system should be designed to minimize the total inefficiency it imposes on society.

35. Elasticities and the Deadweight Loss of a Tax • We know (hopefully) that the deadweight loss from an excise tax arises because it prevents some mutually beneficial transactions from occurring • The producer and consumer surplus that is forgone because of these missing transactions is equal to the size of the deadweight loss itself • Larger the number of transactions that are prevented by the tax, the larger the deadweight loss

36. Elasticities and the Deadweight Loss of a Tax • To minimize the efficiency costs of taxation, one should choose to tax only those goods for which demand or supply, or both, is relatively inelastic. • For such goods, a tax has little effect on behavior because behavior is relatively unresponsive to changes in the price.

37. Elasticities and the Deadweight Loss of a Tax • In the extreme case in which demand is perfectly inelastic (a vertical demand curve), the quantity demanded is unchanged by the imposition of the tax. As a result, the tax imposes no deadweight loss. • Similarly, if supply is perfectly inelastic (a vertical supply curve), the quantity supplied is unchanged by the tax and there is also no deadweight loss • If the goal in choosing whom to tax is to minimize deadweight loss, then taxes should be imposed on goods and services that have the most inelastic response—that is, goods and services for which consumers or producers will change their behavior the least in response to the tax.

38. Deadweight Loss and Elasticities (a) Elastic Demand (b) Inelastic Demand Price Price S S Deadweight loss is larger when demand is elastic P C Excise tax = T P C Deadweight loss is smaller when demand is inelastic E P P E E E Excise tax = T P P D P P D Q Q Q Q Quantity Quantity T E T E

39. Deadweight Loss and Elasticities (c) Elastic Supply (d) Inelastic Supply Price Price S Deadweight loss is larger when supply is elastic P C S P Excise tax = T C Deadweight loss is smaller when supply is inelastic E P P E E E Excise tax = T P P P P D D Q Q Q Q Quantity Quantity T E T E

40. Elasticities and the Deadweight Loss of a Tax • From the graphs, it is easily seen that to minimize the efficiency costs of taxation, you should choose to tax only those goods for which demand or supply, or both, is relatively inelastic • For these goods, tax has little effect on the behavior because behavior is relatively unresponsive to changes in the price