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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle. Assessment Statements:. Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg equation is derived Calculate allele, genotype and phenotype frequencies for two alleles of a gene, using the Hardy-Weinberg equation State the assumptions made when the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used.

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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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  1. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

  2. Assessment Statements: • Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg equation is derived • Calculate allele, genotype and phenotype frequencies for two alleles of a gene, using the Hardy-Weinberg equation • State the assumptions made when the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used

  3. Hardy-Weinberg is used because it is helpful in determining how fast a population is changing or to predict the outcomes of matings/crosses The parts of the HW equation: p = frequency of the dominant allele (T) q = frequency of the recessive allele (t) Because there is a 100% probability that a gamete will contain either a T or t, then we can state that p + q = 1 (this is b/c whichever chromosomes do not have the dominant allele must carry the recessive allele)

  4. What complicates things is that we usually want to consider diploid organisms (like humans) that carry 2 copies of each gene • Because of this we need to expand our equation to: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 • The above equation is known as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and it is reached only if a population is not evolving TT = p2 Tt = 2pq tt = q2

  5. To Help Summarize: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 • p = dominant allele frequency • q = recessive allele frequency • p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant • 2pq = frequency of heterozygous • q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive Khan Academy Tutorial

  6. Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: • No mutations. • Random mating. • No natural selection. (All organisms have the same survival/reproduction rates) • Extremely large population size. (The smaller the population the more likely it is that allele frequencies will fluctuate by chance from one generation to the next; this is called genetic drift) • No gene flow. (No new organisms can move into the population and no organisms can move out of the population)

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