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Transportation Issues

Transportation Issues. US Cars and Drivers. US Population: 300 million Licensed drivers 190 million Cars and light trucks. 210 million. US Cars and Drivers. We spend $20 out of every $100 of household $$ on our cars. Very little travel ( 2% ) is by mass transit (buses and trains).

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Transportation Issues

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  1. Transportation Issues

  2. US Cars and Drivers • US Population: 300 million • Licensed drivers 190 million • Cars and light trucks. 210 million

  3. US Cars and Drivers • We spend $20 out of every $100 of household $$ on our cars. • Very little travel (2%) is by mass transit (buses and trains)

  4. Problems • Air pollution • Global Warming • Oil Imports • Gasoline Prices • Future Oil Supplies

  5. What can we do?

  6. Transportation: Air Pollution

  7. Air Pollution – Sources

  8. Internal Combustion Engine

  9. Pollutants

  10. Photochemical Smog

  11. Ozone

  12. Acid Rain

  13. Acid Rain

  14. The Environmental Protection Agency

  15. Clean Air Acts1955, 1963, 1970, 1990

  16. Clean Air Act of 1990

  17. Where are the problem areas?

  18. How are emission standards achieved?

  19. Catalytic Converter

  20. Command and Control Strategy

  21. Tailpipe Emissions Testingin Connecticut

  22. EPA Strategies Have Worked for Pollution Emission by cars. Even though vehicle miles increased by 150%, emission have substantially decreased.

  23. Cars also emit CO2

  24. Global Warming • 20 lb CO2 emitted for every gallon of gasoline consumed. • Transportation accounts for 25% of Global greenhouse gas emissions

  25. Beyond Gasoline: Drive Less

  26. Drive Less - Walk

  27. Drive Less - Bicycle

  28. Drive Less – MassTransit

  29. Drive Less - Subway

  30. Drive Less - Carpool

  31. Drive Less – UrbanPlanning

  32. Drive Less – Summary • Many people like flexibility and safety of cars • Many people likesuburbs. • Mass transit systems requires large $$ investments. • Will take many years to transform suburbs into “new towns” • Part of the solution, but not the whole solution.

  33. Beyond Gasoline: Biofuels

  34. Ethanol

  35. Gasohol (E10)

  36. E85 – alternate fuel

  37. Flex Fuel Vehicle

  38. Brazil • Sugar cane • Gas stations have E25 or E100

  39. Ethanol from Cellulose

  40. Biodiesel

  41. Biodiesel Fuel • Processed diesel fuel derived from biological sources. • Used in unmodified diesel engines.

  42. Limitations • B20 - unmodified diesel engines • B100 - requires modifications • Gelling problem

  43. Beyond Gasoline: Concept Cars

  44. EV • Electric Cars have not been successful. • Large heavy batteries • Short driving range • Slow refueling (recharging) process.

  45. GM EV-1 • Produced by GM from 1996-199.

  46. Tesla • Tesla Roadster may represent a new direction. • Uses new lighter batteries. • Expensive.

  47. GM Volt • Li-Ion batteries and a gasoline engine. • The gasoline engine will run a generator to recharge the batteries, but will not directly power the vehicle. (no gasoline motor)

  48. Fuel Cell Vehicles

  49. Internal Combustion Engine • Engine – 20% efficient • Only 20% of gasoline energy is converted to motion.

  50. Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy • Fuels Cells use hydrogen to produce electrical energy. They do not burn hydrogen. • 2H2 +O2 2H2O + energy • Fuel cells could be used to power cars with hydrogen as the fuel. • Clean fuel

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