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Peptides to Proteins

Peptides to Proteins. PRESENTING. What are proteins?. The World of PROTEINS. Why are proteins important?. How are proteins made?. How do proteins fold?. What are PROTEINS?. Proteins are large, complex molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells. .

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Peptides to Proteins

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  1. Peptides to Proteins

  2. PRESENTING....... • What are proteins? The World of PROTEINS • Why are proteins important? • How are proteins made? • How do proteins fold?

  3. What are PROTEINS? Proteins are large, complex molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells.

  4. Proteins are the ACTION FORCE in the cell.

  5. Enzyme Defense Protease Antibody Fights Viruses Degrades Protein Motion O Actin Transport Contracts Muscle Fibers Hemoglobin Carries O2 Regulation Insulin 2 Controls Blood Glucose Support Keratin Forms Hair and Nails Proteins can be functionally classified.

  6. How are Proteins Made?

  7. Proteins are chains of amino acids. O OH C N H N H H H Short chains of amino acids are called peptides. Proteins are polypeptide molecules that contain many peptide subunits.

  8. R COOH C NH2 H Amino Acid 1 Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, R group and hydrogen.

  9. Alanine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine Arginine Glycine Glutamate Histidine Glutamine Lysine Proline Leucine Isoleucine Methionine Serine Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Each amino acid has unique chemical properties.

  10. H2O Peptide bonds form by dehydration synthesis R R H N C H COOH OH C C O NH2 H Amino Acid 2 H Amino Acid 1

  11. R R C COOH Peptide Bond C NH2 H Amino Acid 2 H Amino Acid 1

  12. Gene Empty tRNA Trp tRNA Ribosome Met Trp Ala Ala Met Met Met Ala tRNA tRNA Ribonucleotides A G C U Codon 1 A U G = Methionine Empty tRNA Large Subunit Codon 2 G C C = Alanine Codon 3 U G G = Tryptophan TRANSLATION Small Subunit Codon 4 U A G = Stop is the synthesis of proteins in the cell. 3’ Nucleus Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Amino Acid-transfer RNA 5’ U G G U A G A U G G C C Cytoplasm

  13. How do Proteins Fold?

  14. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary There are 4 basic Levels of Protein Structure

  15. M P C V Y A L I T N Q P G S F D H K R E The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.

  16. The secondary structure is primarily composed of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets. Folding Back and Coiling Primary Structure Alpha Helix Beta-Pleated Sheet

  17. The tertiary structure is the protein’s 3D shape.

  18. The quaternary structure is the assembly of folded subunits.

  19. Proteins must reach their final shape to perform their vital functions Improperly Folded Properly Folded

  20. Summary • Proteins are biological workhorses that carry out most of the functions within the cell. • Proteins are large biological molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells. • Proteins are synthesized during the translation process.

  21. Summary cont’d… • Proteins are composed of amino acids that are covalently linked by peptide bonds. • Proteins have four basic levels of structure. However, proteins must fold correctly in order to function properly.

  22. THEEND!

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