Data and Knowledge Management

1. Data and Knowledge Management

2. MBNA Managing data and information • Usually too much data rather than too little in organizations • How does an organization organize all this data and information? • Database – a collection of integrated and related files • Ebay • Proquest • MBNA

3. What is Database Technology ? • A collection of related data organized in a way that makes it valuable and useful • Allows organizations to retrieve, store, and analyze information easily • Is vital to an organization’s success in running operations and making decisions

4. Relationship of DBMS Concepts to Others?

5. The Hierarchy of Data

6. View of a Database Table or File Entity Attribute Attribute (One Column) Attribute Type Record (One Row)

7. The Traditional Approach Figure 3.3: The Traditional Approach to Data Management U of L example

8. Washington hospital http://www.microsoft.com/sql/prodinfo/casestudies/video.mspx The Database Approach Figure 3.4: The Database Approach to Data Management

9. Advantages of the Database Approach

10. Costs or Risks of the Database Approach

11. Roles in Database Development and Use • Database Administrator (DBA) • Designs, develops and monitors performance of databases • Enforces policy and standards for data use and security • Systems Analyst • Defines data requirements working with a DBA • Incorporates the database design into new program designs • Systems Programmer • Creates business applications that connect to databases • Tests the new systems and databases before use

12. Database Systems Activities – Data Entry Employment Applications • Example • Data is entered from paper employment applications into a form entry screen • The entry forms are designed to match the paper forms for ease of entry • The form data is processed by the entry program and then stored in the employment database Enter Forms (Form Entry Screen) (Form Entry Program) (Employment DB)

13. Database Systems Activities – Query (Query Request) (Query Program) (Employment Query)

14. Database Systems Activities – Report Report – A database function that extracts and formats information from a database for printing and presentation Report Generator • Example – Report on applicants entered in the last 30 days • Report parameters are selected in the report request screen • The database program uses SQL to query and present the result (Query Request) (Query Program) (Employment Report)

15. Designing Databases – Data Model • Data Model • A map or diagram that represents entities and their relationships • Used by Database Administrators to design tables with their corresponding associations Example: ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)

16. Designing Databases – Keys ENTITIES Primary Key - Student ID Entities are translated into Tables (Students and Grades) Secondary Key - Major Entities are joined by common attributes Compound Primary Key - Student ID - Course ID - Sec No. - Term

17. The Relational Model • Most common type of database model used today in organizations • Is a three-dimensional model compared to the traditional two-dimensional database models • Rows (first-dimension) • Columns (second-dimension) • Relationships (third-dimension)

18. The Relational Model - Example

19. The Relational Model - Normalization • Normalization • A technique to make complex databases more efficient by eliminating as much redundant data as possible • Example: Database with redundant data (below)

20. The Relational Model - Normalization Normalized Database

21. The Relational Model – Data Dictionary • Data Dictionary • Is a document that database designers prepare to help individuals enter data • Provides several pieces of information about each attribute in the database including: • Name • Key (is it a key or part of a key?) • Data Type (date, alphanumeric, numeric, etc.) • Valid Value (the format or numbers allowed) • Can be used to enforce Business Rules which are captured by the database designer to prevent illegal or illogical values from entering the database. (e.g. who has authority to enter certain kinds of data)

22. Online Transactional Processing (OLTP) • Online Transactional Processing • The mechanism by which customers, suppliers, and employees process business transactions for an organization • These users conduct transactions online through internal systems and external websites for processing and storage Example

23. Operational vs. Informational Systems

24. Hong Kong Airport Organizational Use of Databases Operational Informational Extract Data Extract Data Data Mart Department Databases Data Warehouse • Day-to-day department transactions • Used primarily by departments • Extracted department transactions • Used for business analysis • Extracted subset of a data warehouse • Used for highly specific business analysis

25. Hong Kong Airport Hong Kong Airport • Identify three operational database applications that Hong Kong airport would utilize. • Identify three informational uses of database applications that Hong Kong airport would utilize.

26. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining • Data warehouse: collects business information from many sources in the enterprise • Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse • Data mining: an information-analysis tool for automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse or a data mart • Online Analytical Processing -Graphical software tools that provide complex analysis of data stored in a database

27. Data warehouses are not transaction-oriented. • Data warehouses support online analytical processing (OLAP).

28. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued) Figure 3.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse

29. Knowledge Management Definitions Knowledge Management The process an organization uses to gain the greatest value from its knowledge assets Knowledge AssetsAll underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulae, methods, heuristics, and intuitions whether explicit or tacit Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge

30. Knowledge Management System (KMS) Best Practices Procedures and processes that are widely accepted as being among the most effective and/or efficient Primary Objective How to recognize, generate, store, share, manage this tacit knowledge (Best Practices) for deployment and use Technology Generally not a single technology but rather a collection of tools that include communication technologies (e.g. e-mail, groupware, instant messaging), and information storage and retrieval systems (e.g. database management system) to meet the Primary Objective

31. Benefits and Challenges of Knowledge Management

32. A not so perfect match A not so perfect match • With the increasing power of Data mining techniques, comes ever increasing and reaching uses of this powerful technology. Is this DNA application an application that has gone too far? • Do you agree with this statement "There should be a familial searching policy that is constitutional and legal in the Canada”