Experience with Combined Protection and Control IEDs

1. Experience with Combined Protection and Control IEDs Traditional panel with analogue relays and traditional control Modern panel with numerical multi-function relay 1

2. Library Transfer of external complexity into the IED Output Signals Input Signals from Substation or from Internal Functions CFC Continuous Function Chart as per IEC 1131 Logic Elements (Gates, Timers, ...) 1

3. Transfer Time in the Production Workflow Factory Test Traditional workflow sequential Engineering Assembly of products Enhanced workflow Assembly of products parallel Engineering time 1

4. One Unique Feeder Data Base One feeder, one IED! Protection R2R Metering Feeder data base R2S Control SCM Legend: R2R relay-to-relay coms R2S relay-to-subscriber coms • Some 20000 IEDs and 600 coordinated control systems have been sold today, 60% of them use coms 1

5. Accuracy Current error Phase displacement Composite class at rated at rated primary current error at rated primary current accuracy limit primary current % minutes centiradians % 5P ± 1 ± 60 ± 1.8 5 10P ± 3 – – 10 Accuracies of Instrument Transformers n.a. instrument security factor 0.5 FS 1 FS ± 0.51) ± 11) ± 0.91) ± 1.81) ± 301) ± 601) 1) Further accuracies at 10 %, 20%, 50 % and 100 % full load 1

6. Effects of failures Service time windows and availability ms Protection (date & time unknown 0-2 times a year) Protection System affected! Partial brown outs Control Slow control by back-up facilities sec Control Metering & monitoring regionally blind Metering & Monitoring years time Security and Dependability Aspects 1

7. Adaptive Relaying, verification of relay performance external adaptation self adaptation configuration set points algorithm sampling 3

8. Adaptive Relaying, verification of relay performance 51.1 51.2 51.2 51.1 release 51.2 52.1 52.2 - with 52.s closed full load of section 1 & 2 - with 52.s open only load of section 1 resp. 2 trip 52.1 trip 52.2 50 52.s section 1 section 2 NC 52.3 52.4 Legend 51.1 normal sensitivity 51.2 increased sensitivity 3

9. PLC-Logic 52 Fault locator 21FL & Meter U, P, Q, f, cos  Fault recording I, Set points Energy meter calculated impulse Scope Boosts the Number of Set Points busbar Local-Remote-ControlCommand/Feed back Voltage Directional f<> V> V< Trip circuitsupervision Lock out 81O/U 59 27 Phase rotation Motor control 33 74TC 86 47 HMI Communication- modules RS232/485 Fiber IEC60870-5-103 Profibus FMS Breaker-- failure protection Motor protection  IE>> I>> IE>, IEp I2> I< Start up monitor I>, Ip 67N Inrush- blocking 67 49 51 50N 51N 46 50BF 37 48 66/86 50 14 IE>> Dirct. sens. Ground fault IE>, IEp locked Rotor Lock out IEE>> IEE> UE> 79M Auto reclosing 50N 51N S67N S64 4

10. Data Management Relay operations Set points 10000 1200 set Points flags 300 faults p. a. ca. 30000 km OHL (fault rate 30 p. a. system-wide and 100 km) ca. 5000 system-wide relays 200 set Points sub 20 4 set Points flags feeder OH-Line 4

11. Ergonomic Design for Simplicity in Handling Relays • 1.One HMI program for all Intelligent Electronic Devices • 2.Design according present style guides • ergonomic aspects, usability tests • 3.Function and application orientated structure (configuration, settings, routing, measurements, events, ...) • 4.Reducing the number of setting parameters • advanced parameters (not directly visible) functions without parameters (acceptance ?) • 6. Document management system: manual and on-line help 4

12. Semi self-setting Relays IDiff I1 Fault current tolerance eFault Actual c.t. tolerance Load current tolerance eLoad I1 ALFe / ALFN •IN,c.t : parameter Example: 10P10, eload < 5%, eFault at k_ALFN = 10% 4

13. Remnant Life Time of Protocols Tr = Bi - Rpa Tr = 100% - 3%/pa Trt = 35 a Legend Tr = remnant life time Bi = installed base Rpa = retrofitted relays p.a. 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 5

14. Exchangeable Communication Processors for Investment Security IEC 60870-5-103+VDEW extensions Profibus FMS Profibus DP IEC 61850-8-2 Ethernet IEC 61850-8 station bus to 2001 IEC 61850-9 process bus DNP 3.0 Modbus relay com R2S Subscriber R2R com Relay 5

15. Communication Standard for Tele-protection Purposes • Tele-protection port separate from informative port for speed and security reasons • DKE working group AK952.08 Übertragungsprotokolle , binärer Informationsaustausch zwischen Selektivschutzeinrichtungen über einen Hilfskanal ( Transmission Protocols, binary data exchange between relays over communication channels) • Scope standard allocation of signals for fix allocation of distance and earth fault tele-protection schemes • Two modes synchronous asynchronous 6

16. Small signal current transducer C.t. equivalent circuit secondary current in mA range at full load good dynamic performance • (at 2 *1,41 IF,therm. saturation after 25 ms) precise • (accuracy < 0,2% above 50A) to relay or IED U2n = 22,5 mVi1/Ith,, In= 50A M Coupling inductance Lf Eddy inductance L Coil inductance Rt Coil and conductor resistance Ra Calibration resistance Z Load impedance Un2 = 150 mV 8

17. Resistive voltage divider primary termination V1 relay & meter V2 V2 ground scale: primary: VN/1.73 secondary: 3,25 V/1.73 secondary termination fixing panel 8

18. Experience with Novel Instrument Transducers • Some 2-3 years operation experience • Some 30 Relays in service using novel v.t.s & c.t.s 1

19. Verification of Relay Performance Using Neural Networks • Relay must ‘learn at the vendors test field’ • Application test with a variety of fault conditions • More practical ‘the characteristic of their traditional counterpart • CIGRE final report ‘Analysis and Guidelines For Testing Numerical Protection Schemes-March 2000 • Failure analysis may make relay engineer feel uncomfortable 9