How Sahara Contribute to Sustainable Energy Production?

1. La contribution du Sahara dans la production d'une énergie durable Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Oran (LGEO)Faculty of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB) S. Flazi,A.Boudghene Stambouli and Z. Khiat How Sahara Contribute to Sustainable Energy Production? La contribution du Sahara dans la production d'une énergie durable Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

2. مخبر الهندسة الكهربائية بوهران Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Oran (LGEO, USTO-MB) Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

3. جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا بوهران ”محمد بوضياف“ University of Sciences and Technology of Oran « Mohamed BOUDIAF » 13000 Students 800Lecturers and researchers 30 Research laboratories Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

4. 1. Sahara Irradiation compared to World Energies Primary energy consumption in the world at 2011 is 12275 Mtoe /y. Sahara annual irradiation is 1701000 Mtoe , nearly 140 times bigger Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

5. Unfortunately, it is impossible to use the total area of ​​the Sahara for VLS-PV Because the Sahara offers contrasting landscapes: Erg (sand dunes), oasis, reg (pile of rocks and stones), rivers, mountains and Steppes. The erg: Sand dunes The oasis The wadis: dry beds of rivers and streams The reg: Pebbles and gravel mountains Steppe Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

6. 2. Suitable Sahara area for VLS-PV: (Very Large Scale PhotoVoltaic) system Steppe The reg: Pebbles and gravel 5 330 900 5 132 000 Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

7. 3. Sahara solar net energy potential using VLS-PV systems world primary energy supply in 2030 is estimated to 15000 Mtoe. Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

8. 5 132 000 km2 or 23 700 Mtoe/y 4. What can we do by this area or this energy? Clean energy production for: 1 sustainable development of Sahara countries 2 Exportation 3 Sahara cultivation & Repopulated 23 700 Mtoe/y = 100 % 1800 Mtpe /y = 8%energy needs 2030, (5toe/capita) 21900 Mtoe /Y = 92% Or 420 Milions Hab. 1 Hectar /Habitant 5 Mtoe /H/Y Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

9. Exportation and Sahara repopulation Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

10. DescriptionMap showing major Dune seas (ergs) and Mountain ranges of the Sahara. Red dashed line shows approximate limit of the Sahara. National borders in grey. Dune seas in yellow. Derived from Blank map Image:Africa_topography_map_with_borders.png. Data taken from http://www.sahara-overland.com image of Michlein Map and Geology.com's [http://geology.com/records/sahara-desert-map.shtml 5. Silicon (Si) potential of the Sahara Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

11. hmax hmin 5.1. Sahara sand reserve Sand dune area S: is approximately 20% of Sahara area, that means S=1 720 000 (km²) Volume of the sand reserves V: We proposed the following formula to calculate V V= S. hmin + S/3.(hmax – hmin)= S/3.(2.hmin+ hmax) Taking hmax average= 100 m, hmin average= 50 m; V = 1720x10^3x10^6(100+100)/3 V = 115x10^12 m3 Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

12. 5.1. Sahara sandreserves Weight of the sand reserves W (ton): While 1m3 sand is aproximatly1850 kg, the total weight will be: W= 1850xV= 212x10^12 tons. Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

13. 5.2. Sahara Silicon (Si) potentials Taking an average rate of Silica in the sand (SiO2 / Sand) = 70% the rate of Silicon (Si) in Silica = 28/60 We therefore obtained the rate of Silicon in the sand = 70*28/60= 32% If the extraction efficiency of Silicon =30% The Si extracting rate will be = 30%x32%= 10% That means that 1 ton of Si needs 10 tons of Sand Si reserve will be then equal to 212x10^11 tons. Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

14. 5.2. Sahara Silicon (Si) potentials If 1MW PV needs 10 tons of Si, which means that we can produce 212x10^10 MWPV or 212x10^4 TWPV of PV cells. This quantity is approximately 10 000 Times Sahara capacity as demonstrated in slide 11. Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

15. 6.PV energy powered reference village in the Sahara for ecological and social stability Production of clean sustainable energy to: A sustainable society in the Sahara inhabit comfortably the Sahara = + cultivate bio Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

16. To realize or to achieve these objectives we have to do: 1The transfer of appropriate technologies to the Sahara 3 Training of the local community and new habitants to use these technologies and to adapted with 2 The domiciliation of these Technologies(Apply, test, choosing the most suitable upgrade .... etc) Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

17. These technologies are actually multidisciplinary, they primarily concern the following applications: • Housing and Planning; • Water: pumping, desalination and treatment; • Organic agriculture: irrigation techniques and plants; • Bio fixing, bio washing …etc Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

18. Currently, these technologies and their applications are being developed in : A laboratories, A research centers, A manufactures, An agencies, etc.. 1 Separately with respect to each other 3 Separately , sometimes, from the destination sites 2 Separately from the users Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

19. A reference village to combine the applications and to link the development centers • We propose to combine the applications for the villages in a reference village, in experimental village, in a mother oasis. • This reference village is linked to development centers by development engineers, researchers and trainers. Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

20. A reference village to combine the applications and to link the development centers Laboratory X Manufacture Y University Y Research centers X Research centers Y University X Laboratory Y Manufacture X Agency X Another X Another Y Agency Y Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

21. Thank you for your attendance and your attention Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO