The Harlem Renaissance

1. The Harlem Renaissance • Time: End of WWI to 1935 • Two-ness: Who you think you are vs what you preceive others to think you are (W.E.B. Du Bois). • Common themes: alienation, marginality, the use of folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for an elite audience.

2. The Great Migration • Harlem is the new suburb (1904) • Educated African Americans move in • “White Flight” • WWI causes mass movement of African Americans from the south • Find jobs • Sick of southern racism

3. The Effects • Racial consciousness • “Back to Africa" (Marcus Garvey) • Racial integration • Music (jazz, spirituals and blues) • Art (painting, sculpture, photography) • Dance • Writing (poetry, plays, novels, etc)

4. Notable Poets • Claude McKay • Countee Cullen • Langston Hughes • Jean Toomer • Jessie Redmon Fauset • Paul Lawrence Dunbar

5. Notable Artists • W. H. Johnson • Lois Mailou Jones • Sargent Johnson • Aaron Douglas • Palmer Hayden • Jacob Lawrence • Archibald Motley Jr.

6. Notable Musicians • Louis Armstrong • Josephine Baker • Duke Ellington • Billie Holiday • Jelly Roll Morton • Bessie Smith

7. Example ArtAaron DouglasInto Bondage 1936 List words that describe this painting.

8. Example PoemClaude McKay (1889-1948)America Although she feeds me bread of bitterness, And sinks into my throat her tiger's tooth, Stealing my breath of life, I will confess I love this cultured hell that tests my youth! Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, Giving me strength erect against her hate. Her bigness sweeps my being like a flood. Yet as a rebel fronts a king in state, I stand within her walls with not a shred Of terror, malice, not a word of jeer. Darkly I gaze into the days ahead, And see her might and granite wonders there, Beneath the touch of Time's unerring hand, Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand. List words that describe this poem.

9. Example Song • They Can't Take That Away From Me Billie Holiday, 1937 • List words that describe this song.

10. Artists

11. Aaron Douglas was the Harlem Renaissance artist whose work best exemplified the 'New Negro' philosophy. He painted murals for public buildings and produced illustrations and cover designs for many black publications including The Crisis and Opportunity. In 1940 he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he founded the Art Department at Fisk University and taught for twenty nine years. Aaron Douglas (1898-1979)

12. Into Bondage 1936Oil on canvas Aaron Douglas

13. Aspects of Negro Life #62: Song of the Towers 1934 Oil on canvas Aaron Douglas

14. Aspects of Negro Life: The Negro in an African Setting 1934 Oil on canvas Aaron Douglas

15. Archibald Motley Jr. (1891-1980) Archibald Motley Jr. labored in Chicago while teaching himself the fundamentals of painting and practicing his technique. His first solo exhibit came in 1928 in New York, and displayed his fascination with aspects of African American culture such as music, voodoo, and mysticism. After winning the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1929, he traveled and studied in Paris, where upon his return, he began painting scenes of nightlife and gambling in response to Prohibition. Despite his African American heritage and the rise of the Harlem Renaissance movement, Motley was a member of Ashcan school that did not devote itself to any ethnicity.

16. Blues 1929 Oil on canvas Archibald J. Motley Jr.

17. Mending Socks 1924Oil on canvasArchibald J. Motley Jr.

18. Nightlife 1943 Oil on canvas Archibald J. Motley Jr.

19. Lawrence's work recounts the African-American experience in this country. Although he has been labeled a protest artist and social realist, in truth he considered himself first and foremost an artist. His images convey the hopes, dreams, and courage of the black community. He often captured life observed on the streets of post-Depression Harlem. He also recorded another history of America, one that was told to him by his family, neighbors, and friends. Lawrence's art is human and accessible, with a quiet dignity and understatement that makes it all the more powerful. He is the first African-American artist to have his work included in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)

20. Dust to Dust (The Funeral) 1938Gouache on paper Jacob Lawrence

21. Crippled Child on Crutches 1935 Pastels on paper Jacob Lawrence

22. Lois Mailou Jones was a pioneering artist of the Harlem Renaissance. Born in New England, her life was still clouded by the prejudices of an everyday African American life. She began her career after attending the School of the Museum of Fine Art in Boston. Afterwards, she went through the racial barriers to exhibit her works to the world. She perservered through many roadblocks and prejudices, without ever losing her passion to express herself through art. Lois Mailou Jones (1905-1998)

23. Les Fetiches 1938Oil on linen Loïs Mailou Jones

24. Textile Design for Cretonne 1928 Loïs Mailou Jones

25. Ascent of Ethiopia 1932 Painting Lois Mailou Jones

26. William H. Johnson entered the Harlem Renaissance during its making. He came to New York in 1918 from Florence, South Carolina, to embark on his career. He became a student at the National Academy of Design. He was educated there for five years, during which he learned from greats such as George Luks and Charles Hawthorne. He then traveled to places in North Africa and Europe to paint and find residence. It was by the suggestion of Hawthorne that he traveled to Paris in 1826, where he settled, painted, and studied the works of modern European masters. William H. Johnson

27. Swing Low Sweet Chariot 1939 Oil on board William H. Johnson

28. A View Down Akersgate, Oslo 1935 Oil on burlap William H. Johnson

29. Street Musicians 1937 Oil on canvas William H. Johnson

30. Johnson lived and worked in the Bay Area during a time of great diversity in intellectual, cultural, and artistic production. Influenced by what was known as the Negro Renaissance of the 1920s, he focused his early work on the issue of racial identity, seeking to show the natural beauty and dignity of African Americans. Bay Area art communities were flourishing when Johnson arrived in 1915, and he later became influential in an artistic environment that would develop its own variety of Modernism. Sargent Johnson

31. Mask ca. 1930-1935 copper on wood base Sargent Johnson

32. Forever Free 1933 Sculpture Sargent Johnson

33. Mask 1933 Sculpture Sargent Johnson

34. Born Peyton Hedgeman, he was given the name Palmer Hayden by his white commanding sergeant during World War I. In his town of brith, Wide Water, Virginia, he was often referred to as a self trained artist. He was a student at Cooper Union in New York and pursued independent studies at Boothbay Art Colony in Maine. He studied and painted in France, where he lived for some years.Hayden's reputation emanates from his realistic depictions of folklore and Black historical events. He, like Douglas, was also among the first Black American artists to use African subjects and designs in his painting. Palmer Hayden (1890-1973)

36. The Janitor Who Paints ca. 1930 oil on canvas Palmer Hayden

37. Beale Steet Blues 1938 Painting Palmer Hayden

38. Many of VanDerZee's photographs celebrate the life of the emergent black middle class. Using the conventions of studio portrait photography, he composed images that reflected his clients' dignity, independence, and material comfort, characterizing the time as one of achievement, idealism, and success. VanDerZee's photographs portray the Harlem of the 1920s and 1930s as a community that managed to be simultaneously talented, spiritual, and prosperous. James VanDerZee (1886-1983)

39. Evening Attire 1922Gelatin silver print James VanDerZee

40. His Lady’s Corsage 1931Vintage gelatin silver print James VanDerZee

41. Alpha Phi Alpha Basketball Team 1926 Photograph James Van Der Zee

42. Augusta Savage was a world-famous African-American sculptor. Born in Florida, she had her first formal art training in New York City at Cooper Union, the school recommended to her by Solon Gorglum. While she studied, she supported herself by doing odd jobs, including clerking and working in laundries. In 1926 she exhibited her work at the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia. That same year she was awarded a scholarship to study in Rome. However, she was unable to accept the award because she could not raise the money she would have needed to live there. Later, she did study in Europe. Augusta Savage (1892-1962)

43. Lift Every Voice and Sing 1939 Scupture Augusta Savage

44. Gamin 1930 Painted Plaster Augusta Savage

45. Musicians

46. The first popular jazz singer to move audiences with the intense, personal feeling of classic blues, Billie Holiday changed the art of American pop vocals forever. Almost fifty years after her death, it's difficult to believe that prior to her emergence, jazz and pop singers were tied to the Tin Pan Alley tradition and rarely personalized their songs; only blues singers like Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey actually gave the impression they had lived through what they were singing. They Can't Take That Away From Me Summertime Getting Some Fun Out Of Life Billy Holiday (1915-1959)

47. Born 29 April 1899 in Washington DC, composer, bandleader, and pianist Edward Kennedy ("Duke") Ellington was recognized in his lifetime as one of the greatest jazz composers and performers. Nicknamed "Duke" by a boyhood friend who admired his regal air, the name stuck and became indelibly associated with the finest creations in big band and vocal jazz. A genius for instrumental combinations, improvisation, and jazz arranging brought the world the unique "Ellington" sound that found consummate expression in many of his works East St. Louis Toodle-Oo The Mooche It Don't Mean A Thing Duke Ellington (1899-1974)

48. Ethel Waters was a popular black American singer and actress. She gained recognition as a singer of both blues and popular songs. Waters starred in several Broadway musicals, and introduced a number of well-known songs during her stage career. She also appeared in dramatic roles. Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania. She began singing in nightclubs and in vaudeville when she was 17 years old. Smile! Am I Blue? Guess Who's In Town Ethel Waters (1900-1977)

49. Louis Daniel Armstrong was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. Probably the most famous jazz musician of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but towards the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers. Skid-Dat-De-Dat Potato Head Blues Gut Bucket Blues Louis Armstrong (1901-1971)

50. Fletcher Henderson was very important to early jazz as leader of the first great jazz big band, as an arranger and composer in the 1930s, and as a masterful talent scout. Yet, at the height of the swing era, Henderson's band was little-known. Ain't She Sweet? Alabamy Bound One Of These Days Fletcher Henderson (1898-1952)