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Anterograde Amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia Impairment of memory for events before the injury . Anterograde Amnesia Impairment of memory for events after an injury. That is, an impairment in learning. Anterograde Amnesia. Temporary Drug induced Lithium Alcohol tricyclic antidepressants

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Anterograde Amnesia

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  1. Retrograde Amnesia Impairment of memory for events before the injury. Anterograde Amnesia Impairment of memory for events after an injury. That is, an impairment in learning. Anterograde Amnesia

  2. Temporary Drug induced Lithium Alcohol tricyclic antidepressants e.g., valium (Judd et al. 1987) Shock/Trauma e.g., ECT used for depression Chronic Alcohol - reversible with abstinence (over years) Trauma – e.g., injury, disease, toxins, anoxia Progressive Alzheimer’s Huntington’s Normal Aging Types by Duration

  3. Medial Temporal Amnesia 1 Bilateral damage to medial temporal region including hippocampus

  4. Medial Temporal Amnesia 2 • Most famous cases are: • H. M. (surgery) • S. S. (encephalitus) • R.B. (blood supply to area cut off by atrial tear) • (Zola-Morgan, Squire, & Amaral, 1986).

  5. Medial Temporal Amnesia 3 • The semantic (logogen) network remains intact. • Normal implicit memory and priming effects observed (Graf, Shimamura, & Squire, 1985). • Skill learning unimpaired. • Patient’s skill improves despite being unable to recall having done the task before.

  6. Wernicke’s-Korsakoff (KD) Syndrome 1 Caused by thiamine deficiency that results from alcoholism and starvation MRI comparison with alcoholics shows damaged diencephalon

  7. Wernicke’s-Korsakoff Syndrome 2 • As with Medial Temporal Amnesia, procedural and implicit memory are functional. • Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970; 1974). • Graf, Squire, & Mandler (1984). • Gardner, Boller, Moreines, & Butters (1973).

  8. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) 1 Result of plaques throughout cortex; early detection now possible; anti-inflammatories (e. g., aspirin, ibuprophren) reduce symptoms

  9. Alzheimer’s Disease 2 • As with other amnesias, procedural memory remains intact. • However, generalized damage affects semantic memory, so priming and implicit memory deficits are seen. • Faster forgetting than others, though. • Verbal fluency problems. • “Bottom-up” deficits. (Hodges, Salmon, & Butters, 1992).

  10. Huntington’s Disease (HD) • Caudate nuclei of basal ganglia die over time • Patient loses ability to make voluntary responses. • Inability to make voluntary response reduces imagery and verbal rehearsal strategies. • Results in poorer recall than recognition.

  11. Nature of Learning Deficit 1

  12. Nature of Learning Deficit 2

  13. Hippocampus-amygdala lesions in monkeys Monkeys no longer remember which object hides the raisin in a previously learned discrimination task and relearning is impaired. However, retention of an old motor skill, and the learning of a new motor skill, are unimpaired (Salmon, Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1987).

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