NSLS-II SRX Beamline

1. NSLS-II SRX Beamline Tony Lanzirotti SRX Beamline Advisory Team Chair The University of Chicago, CARS Experimental Facilities Advisory Committee Meeting April 23-24, 2009

2. Sub-micron Resolution X-ray (SRX)spectroscopy Team • Beamline Advisory Team Members: • Antonio Lanzirotti (Leader) - Univ. of Chicago (microprobe design, operation and applications) • Peter Eng - Univ. of Chicago (beamline design/optics and instrumentation) • Jeffrey Fitts - BNL (environmental science applications, XAS) • Keith Jones - BNL (microprobe design, CMT design) • Lisa Miller - BNL (life science probe design and application) • Matt Newville - Univ. of Chicago (XAS design, operation and applications) • Paul Northrup - BNL (beamline design, management, environmental science applications) • Richard Reeder - Stony Brook Univ. (microprobe applications in earth & environmental science) • Mark Rivers - Univ. of Chicago (detector and control systems design) • Stephen Sutton - Univ. of Chicago (microprobe design, management and operation) • Stefan Vogt - ANL (zone plate microprobe design and operation, applications to life sciences) • Gayle Woloschak - Northwestern Univ. (biological applications of zone plate microprobes) • NSLS-II: • Paul Northrup – Interim Group Leader (Hutch design, FOE component layout, accelerator group liaison) • Andy Broadbent – Beamlines Manager (budget overview, management oversight) • Jürgen Thieme – Group Leader (July 2009) • Institute for X-Ray Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen • Led the project of building a scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the electron storage ring BESSY II, principally for spectromicroscopy in environmental sciences.

3. SRX Scientific Mission Workshops held by scientific communities (such as Earth, Environmental, and Life sciences, Hard Condensed Matter and Materials sciences, Chemical and Energy sciences) have all identified analytical resources that must be developed to advance our understanding complex natural and engineered systems that are heterogeneous on the micron to submicron scale. • Higher intensity focused x-ray probes to enable the next generation of research • Focused beam instruments with a broad, tunable and scanable range of photon energy from 2-25 keV for elemental imaging and sub-µm spectroscopy • Versatility of focal spot size and sample geometry to accommodate varying sample needs * Accessibility of absorption edges. Accessibility to fluorescence lines even larger.

4. Beamline Requirements and Specifications LOI Proposal: A sub-micrometer probe, insertion device sector consisting of two beamlines, each supplied by an optimized undulator with the two undulators in a canted geometry. • Station KB: • a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror based instrument • energy range between 4-25 keV • spatial resolution adjustable from >1000 nm down to 100 nm • instrumentation for XRF, XAS, XRD and fCMT (achromatic + long WD) • 50x > flux than current KB-microprobes in a 2000 nm spot • Station ZP: (not in initial scope) • a zone plate based instrument • energy range between 2-15 keV • target spatial resolution of 30 nm • instrumentation for XRF, XANES and imaging • 2x > flux than current ZP-microprobes in a 200 nm spot • Share a common sample mounting and registry system

5. Scientific areas where SRX will enable significant advances Health Hazards of Contaminated Materials, “Bad Metals” (contaminants in agriculture and drinking water, actinides from nuclear production, industrial emissions, mechanisms of toxicity) Processes at the Interfaces between Minerals and Micro-organisms (biogeochemistry of microbe-mineral interactions, understanding biofilm processes , CO2 sequestration) Global Effects of Particulates and Organisms in the Atmosphere and Oceans (metals cycling, effects on climate change, modeling airborne emissions) Evolution of Our Solar System (interplanetary dust particles, comet dust, NASA sample return) Environmental Genomics (metal homeostatis, ionomics, metallomics, biofuels studies) Essential Metals in Cells and Organisms and in Disease Mechanisms (nutrient acquisition, metal detoxification, microbial pathogenesis, bioremediation, diseases related to altered levels of metal ions at subcellular level) • Metals as Therapies (understanding molecular level mechanisms of metal based therapies) • Metals in Imaging and Diagnostics (imaging of metal contrast agents, molecular imaging of “marker” proteins) • Catalysis and Chemical processes on the Single Particle Scale (coupled µXAS/µXRD of catalytic particles and interfaces to • follow processes such as oxidation) • Materials Science (elemental partitioning in microelectronics, elemental diffusion into microcrystalline domains due to aging of • plastics and alloys, tracking redox changes of single particle contaminants in batteries and silicon solar cells)

6. SRX Project Beamline Milestones • April 1, 2008 – SREEL BAT submits LOI to NSLS-II project. • LOI reviewed by EFAC at May 5-7, 2008 meeting (one of 11 LOIs). EFAC report received June 2008. • Microprobe spectroscopy beamline selected as one of the six beamlines to be built within the project scope September 2, 2008. Renamed SRX. • First SRX BAT meeting and MOU signing October 30, 2008. • Many design aspects since then adjusted to incorporate BAT recommendations already (Northrup, Broadbent). • SRX Group Leader hired by NSLS-II project July 2009.

7. Response to Comments from EFAC

8. Beamline Overview 100nm not in initial scope Only one undulator is in initial scope 30nm • Canted geometry consists of an undulator optimized for lower energy (ZP) in the upstream position and one optimized for higher energy (KB) in the downstream position. • The total cant shown is 2 mrad. This is minimum acceptable, provides sufficient space to place separate apertures around each beam before they exit the shield wall and adequate separation in the end stations.

9. SRX-KB Conceptual Design • Canted, on a short (low beta) straight • 4.65–23.3 keV incident photon energy • Suitable harmonic rejection • Continuously variable energy range over the energy range specified with no gaps • No scientifically “important” edges (e.g. U L3) caught badly in a transition between harmonics e- Phosphors,  filters and  imaging  devices Rh and bare Si stripes 280 mm, 2.5 mrad inc. angle w/ bender Removable Assume Windowless Ops. w/ differential pump Cryogenically cooled Horizontally diffracting BPM and feedback to stabilize SHS by controlling the HFM pitch 100 mm H-KB, 280 mm V-KB < 0.2 µrad RMS (requires effort)

10. SRX Conceptual Design FOE Photon Shutters KB HFM KB & ZP DCM’s ZP mirror pair downstream Shielded Beampipe FOE SRX-ZP hutch SRX-KB hutch

11. SRX Conceptual Design 2 mrad canting angle downstream KB ZP

12. Vertical Optical Layout of the KB Branch Vertical optics layout for the KB beamline showing a single 280 mm long vertical focusing mirror at 56.23 m Calculations by Peter Eng (SRX BAT)

13. Horizontal Optical Layout of the KB Branch Calculations by Peter Eng (SRX BAT) Horizontal optics layout and scatter plots for the KB beamline with a secondary horizontal source at 53.6 m, produced by a horizontal focusing mirror at 34.8 m. Working distance ~ 30 mm.

14. Selected SRX BAT Recommendations

15. Selected SRX BAT Recommendations * BAT Meeting summary contains many additional suggestions and recommendations.

16. NSLS-II Accelerator Restrictions • The device length, for a given minimum gap, is defined by the beta function for the straight. Minimum allowable gap of 5.0 mm. • IVU must fit in half-straight with room for canting magnets. • This means that 0.5m needs to be removed, then space divided in half, as two devices are fitted to the straight.

17. Evaluation suggests a 1.5 m long, 21 mm period device with a minimum magnet gap of 5.5 mm will provide excellent performance at the lowest specified energies at the 3rd harmonic energy for 3.0 GeV beam < 4.65 keV. This will also provide at the highest operational energy range (23.3 keV Rh K edge practical limit).

18. Potential SRX Monochromator Design • Australian Synchrotron’s X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe horizontally diffracting monochromator: • No gravity effect, eliminating distortions such as crystal cage twist and sag and unwanted angular rotations of the second crystal. • Eliminates need for longitudinal second crystal translation stage • A properly designed horizontal DCM can be mechanically more stable particularly as energy is changed. • Horizontal deflection can increase separation between the KB and ZP branches. • Horizontal diffraction will enable the beam defining aperture to filter out any horizontal vibration and slope errors. • Space for incorporating interchangeable lattice cuts, including Si(311) DCM and DMM as potential upgrades. • Potential performance benefits of utilizing dread-lock vs. braided copper cooling designs. • Potential complications to evaluate: • Intensity loss of intensity due to polarization losses • Potential beam divergence effects compared to vertical geometry ASP Microprobe DCM

19. Overall Project Beamline Budget • SRX Cost Estimate is $10,707,772 • The costs were adapted from XAS • XAS  SRX swap is feasible with $1.9M, mainly from high-heatload optics, redirected for ID development and purchase (which XAS didn’t incur) • Detailed cost re-analysis is part of planned FY09 design efforts (SRX Group Leader) • Only the KB branch of SRX is included in baseline, but space and design accommodations are made for development of ZP branch

20. Conceptual Design Report due September 2009 • Next BAT meeting June/July 2009 • Group Leader on hand • IDT optical report will be in hand summer 2009 • NSLS-II and SRX front end design refined • Undulator specs refined and incorporated into SRX design • Cost estimate and schedule updated • Beamline scientist hired • User Workshop by end of 2009