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Solutions

By Alex “Adolf” Halloran and Kyle “Coondawg” Connour. Solutions. What is a solution. A solution is a solvent dissolved in a solute A solvent is what is being dissolved A solute is what is actually doing the dissolving. Some basics. Molarity (M) = moles / liters

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Solutions

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  1. By Alex “Adolf” Halloran and Kyle “Coondawg” Connour Solutions

  2. What is a solution • A solution is a solvent dissolved in a solute • A solvent is what is being dissolved • A solute is what is actually doing the dissolving

  3. Some basics • Molarity (M) = moles / liters • Molality (m) = moles / kilograms • Molarity and Molality describe the concentration of a solution. Ex. 1L of 1 M HCl 1L of 1 m NaCl

  4. Some solubility rules • +1 charges are soluble (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH4) • NO3-, ClO3-, ClO4-, and C2H3O2 are all soluble • Halogens are soluble except with Ag+, Pb, and Hg • SO4-2 is soluble except with Ag+, Pb, Hg, Ca, Sr, and Ba • OH-, CO3-, PO4-3, SO3-2, CrO4-2, S are all insoluble unless they are with anything with a +1 charge.

  5. Beer’s Law • A=abc. • Absorbance = molar absorbtivity(L/mol*cm) *pathlength (cm) * concentration (mol/L) • higher absorbance = higher molarity

  6. Electrolytes • An electrolyte is a solution that conducts electricity that also happen to be acids and bases. • Strong acids or bases conduct electricity well, therefore they are strong electrolytes. • Weak acids or bases don’t completely dissociate which makes them weak electrolytes.

  7. Easy Questions • 1. If you dissolve 0.5 mols of NaCl in 1 L of water, what is the molarity? • 2. Is KNO3 soluble? • 3. What is the difference between molality and molarity

  8. Harder Question #1 • A 0.10M aqueous solution sodium sulfate Na2SO4 is a better conductor of electricity than a 0.10 M aqueous solution of sodium chloride NaCl. Which of the following best explains this observation? • A. Na2SO4 is more soluble in water than NaCl is. • B. Na2SO4 has a higher molar mass that the NaCl has. • C. To prepare a given volume of 0.10M solution, the mass of Na2SO4 needed is more than twice the mass of NaCl needed. • D. More moles of ions are present in a given volume of 0.10M Na2SO4 than in the same volume of 0.10M NaCl • E. The degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 in solutions is significantly greater than that of NaCl.

  9. Harder Question #2 • According to the solubility rules, which of the following substances is the least soluble in water? • A. (NH4)2SO4 • B. KMnO4 • C. BaCO3 • D. Zn(NO3)2 • E. Na3PO4

  10. Harder Question #3 • What is the concentration of the chloride ions in the 0.10 M NiCl2 solution? • A. 0.033 M • B. 0.05 M • C. 0.10 M • D. 0.20 M • E. 0.30 M

  11. Harder Question #4 • You test the conductivity of a solution of sulfuric acid by inserting the prongs of a light bulb. The bulb glows brightly. You add a dilute solution of a mystery compound and the bulb dims. Which of the following is most likely the mystery compound? • A. K2SO4 • B. NaNO3 • C. Ba(OH)2 • D.HCl

  12. Harder Question #5 • In which of the following species does sulfur have the same oxidation number as it does in H2SO4? • A. H2SO3 • B. S2O3-2 • C. S-2 • D. S8 • E. SO2Cl2

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