7 Super Subjects of Chapter 16!!!!!!

1. 7 Super Subjects of Chapter 16!!!!!! By: David Chang & Steven Tran

2. 1- Bio-Diversity • Three Components: • Genetic Diversity • Genetic Variety within all populations of a species • (Uniqueness) • Ecosystem Diversity • Variety of interactions within a community • (Number of niches and/or complex food web) • Species Richness • Number of different species in an ecosystem • (Wide range of species)

3. 2- Factors of Bio-Diversity • 3 Factors that hinder Bio-Diversity: • Habitat Destruction • Clearing Forests near lakes/rivers • Hunting • Ex: Fisheries or Keystone species • Reproductive Failure • Bald Eagles and DDT • Shells would break before the eagle is developed

4. 3- Why We Need Organisms • 5 Reasons: • Ecosystem Services • Decomposition, Pollen Transfer, Soil Erosion Prevention (Mangrove Forests), etc. • Genetic Reserves • Super Strains: Using genetically diverse reserves to create pest resistance genes for plants. • Corn Blight solved by Super Strands from Mexico • Scientific Uses of Genetic Diversity • Genetic Engineering: incorporating genes of 1 organism to another. Ex: Bacteria that create insulin.

5. Why We Need Organisms Continued • Medicinal, Agricultural, and Industrial Usage • Medicinal: Plant derivatives can help prevent illness or disease. Ex: Turmeric, Herbal medicine, etc. • Agricultural: Substitutes for current crops. Ex: Quinoa tastes like rice but has more nutrients • Industrial: Organisms used in many products like: Oils, waxes, corks, wood, or transportation. • Aesthetic, Ethical, and Spiritual Value • Provides recreation, inspiration, and spiritual solace • Artists, Poets, Musicians are influenced by other organisms • Ethics: How humans perceive themselves to other organisms. Ex: Western and Deep Ecology Views

6. 4- Human Causes of Species Endangerment • 1 - Habitat destruction, fragmentation, degradation • The biggest Factor • 2 - Invasive species • 3 - Pollution • 4 - Overexploitation

7. 5- Conservation Laws and Policies • US Laws: • Endangered Species Act 1973 • Bans the trading of products made from an endangered or threatened species. • Habitat Conservation Plan 1982 • Allows private land owners to ‘take’ a species trespassing on their land. However, the owner must set aside land for the species to live in • Biological Resources Discipline 1993 • An analysis on managing and conserving biological resources • Keeps tabs on biological resources

8. Conservation Laws and Policies Continued • International Policies: • CITES 1975 • Bans the international trade and killing of endangered or threatened organisms. • World Conservation Strategy 1980 • Encourage the sustainable use of resources and organisms internationally • IUCN, WWF, UN are involved • Biological Diversity Treaty “World Summit” • Mandated each nation to develop a conservation strategy to preserve bio diversity.

9. 6- Wildlife Management • Focuses on the continued productivity of plants and animals • Conservation Biology v.s. Wildlife Management • WM focuses on population control by habitat manipulation. • Prescribed Burns • Flyways • Commercial Fishing & Whaling Restrictions

10. Wildlife Management Continued • Prescribed Burns • Resets a land’s succession by burning down trees and plants to return soil nutrients. • Flyways • Strategic conservation of flyways involves protecting wetlands, rivers, etc. which are important resting, feeding, and breeding spots for migratory birds. • Commercial Fishing & Whaling • 1946- International Whaling Commission set annual limit on whaling (Didn’t work) • Moratorium in 1986 strictly limited whaling (It’s working)

11. 7- What Can We Do? • Increase Awareness • Support Research • Support Establishment of Parks • Limit Pollution • Provide Economic Incentives A.P.R.E.P.

12. THE END