Acknowledgement of LBNL sponsors

2. Acknowledgement of LBNL sponsors California Energy Commission – PIER program Pacific Gas and Electric Company New York State Energy and Development Agency (NYSERDA) US - Environmental Protection Agency US – Department of Energy

3. Energy Commission 101 • The state’s primary energy policy and planning agency charged with: • Licensing thermal power plants 50 megawatts and larger • Adopting appliance and building energy efficiency standards • Forecasting state energy use • Maintaining energy information and performing analysis • Proposing to the Governor integrated state energy policies • Conducting public interest energy research

4. PIER Program • Established in California by legislation in 1997 • $62.5 million collected annually from investor-owned electricity utility ratepayers for “public interest” energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) projects

5. PIER Program Objectives • Improve energy cost/value • Improve environment, public health, and safety • Improve electricity reliability/quality/sufficiency • Strengthen the economy • Provide consumer choice • Address research gaps

6. PIER Segments of Research • Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency • Energy-Related Environmental Research • Energy Systems Integration • Environmentally-Preferred Advanced Generation • Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy Efficiency • Renewable Energy Technologies • Climate Change Program • Transportation Research

7. Data Center research activities Research Roadmap Benchmarking and 23 data center case studies Self-benchmarking protocol Power supply efficiency study UPS systems efficiency study Standby generation losses Performance metrics – Computation/watt EPA report to Congress DOE Save Energy Now program

8. Energy efficiency varies • There are many features in data center design and operation that must all be optimized in order to achieve highest efficiency • There is no silver bullet • Changing paradigms may be necessary • DC power (Edison was right!) • Liquid cooling • Use of outside air for cooling

9. Energy efficiency opportunities are everywhere • Better air management • Move to liquid cooling • Optimized chilled-water plants • Use of free cooling • Load management • Server innovation Cooling Equipment Power Conversion & Distribution Server Load/ComputingOperations • On-site generation • Waste heat for cooling • Use of renewable energy/fuel cells • High voltage distribution • Use of DC power • Highly efficient UPS systems • Efficient redundancy strategies AlternativePowerGeneration

10. Benchmark results helped to find best practices The ratio of IT equipment power to the total (or its inverse) is an indicator of relative overall efficiency. Examination of individual systems and components in the centers that performed well helped to identify best practices.

11. Ratio of electricity delivered to IT equipment Average .57 Higher is better Source: LBNL Benchmarking

12. Performance varies The relative percentages of the energy actually doing computing varies considerably.

13. Best HVAC Practices Air Management Air Economizers Humidification Control Centralized Air Handlers Low Pressure Drop Systems Fan Efficiency Cooling Plant Optimization Water Side Economizer Variable Speed Chillers Variable Speed Pumping Direct Liquid Cooling

14. Best Electrical Practices UPS systems Self-generation AC-DC distribution Standby generation

15. Sonoma climate and efficiency • Grapes aren’t the only thing that benefits from this climate • Majority of cooling can be achieved without chillers

16. Most hours of the year can be cooled without chillers

17. LEEDTM criteria and data centers • The US Green Building Council established LEED criteria for commercial buildings • Points are given for sustainable elements • e.g. bikeracks, bamboo floors, waterless urinals • While these are wonderful to consider for any building, the real action in data centers is with energy and water consumption • A different point rating system is needed

18. LEEDTM type criteria points for data centers • LBNL and industry are developing proposed criteria to be used in ranking data centers • Consider different metrics: • Ratio of IT power to total power • Efficiency of power delivery • Efficiency of chilled water plant • Air management effectiveness • Environmental conditions • Mission of the data center • etc. • Completion planned for August, 2008

19. LEEDTM type criteria development • Green Grid, Uptime Institute, ASHRAE, Critical Facilities Roundtable • EPA and DOE supportive • Other industry input welcome

20. LBNL data center demonstrations “Air management” demonstration Outside air economizer demonstration Use of infrared thermography DC powering demonstration Silicon Valley Leadership Group – “chill-off”

21. Measured fan energy savings– 75% If mixing of cold supply air with hot return air can be eliminated- fan speed can be reduced

22. Better temperature control can allow raising the temperature in the entire data center! ASHRAE Recommended Range Ranges during demonstration

23. See the problem areas Infrared thermography and CFD modeling can be used as visualization tools

24. 5V Internal Drive PWM/PFC Switcher Unregulated DC To Multi Output Regulated DC Voltages Bypass 12V External Drive 3.3V I/O 12V 1.5/2.5V In Out DC/DC Memory Controller AC/DC 1.1V-1.85V 12V DC/DC m Processor Battery/Charger Rectifier Inverter 3.3V SDRAM 3.3V Graphics Controller Voltage Regulator Modules AC/DC Multi output PS Data center power conversions AC voltage conversions

25. With over 25 industry partners direct DC powering of servers was demonstrated

26. Typical AC distribution today 480 Volt AC

27. Facility-level DC distribution 380V.DC 480 Volt AC

28. AC system loss compared to DC 7-7.3% measured improvement 2-5% measured improvement Rotary UPS

29. Challenge • Can Sonoma Mountain Village’s data center demonstrate these energy saving technologies? • LBNL is seeking partnering sites to demonstrate DC power

30. Thank you website: http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/