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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. 10. 11. Elephant Bird (Madagascar) ** Extinct 16 th Century. Skeletal System. Sword-Billed Hummingbird (Bolivia) Extant. Skeleton Tissue: Bone. Dead or Alive?. 13. 12. Bone Tissue: Osteoblasts.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System 10 11 Elephant Bird (Madagascar) ** Extinct 16th Century

  2. Skeletal System Sword-Billed Hummingbird (Bolivia) Extant

  3. Skeleton Tissue: Bone Dead or Alive? 13 12

  4. Bone Tissue: Osteoblasts http://www.medscape.com/content/2005/00/49/69/496917/art-nrc496917.fig1.gif

  5. Bone Tissue: Osteoid (Collagen, Hydroxyapatite) Lamella Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH) Lamella

  6. Bone Tissue: Osteocytes Osteocyte Lacuna

  7. Bone Tissue: Vascularization 5

  8. Bone Tissue: Osteon Osteon: Functional Unit of Compact Bone

  9. Bone Tissue: Osteoclasts

  10. Bone Tissue Osteoblast Osteoid Collagen Hydroxyapatite Osteocytes Lacuna Lamella Haversian Canal Osteon Canaliculus Osteoclast

  11. Skeletal System Function: Fig. 4-4 in Podulka et al. 2004

  12. Function:

  13. Function: Fig. 4-23 in Podulka et al. 2004

  14. Function: 1

  15. Major Themes in Avian Skeletons 2) 1) Pneumatic Bones Rigidity

  16. Light Skeletons Mallard: 2.5 kg Mink: 2.5 kg Fig. 4-3 in Podulka et al. 2004

  17. Pneumatic Bones Proctor and Lynch 1993 (p. 136)

  18. Pneumatization (Passerine Chick) Pneumatized Bone Fig. 4-7 in Podulka et al. 2004

  19. More Pneumatic Less Pneumatic 15 14

  20. Axial versus Appendicular Skeleton Fig. 4-6 in Podulka et al. 2004

  21. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Cranium, Orbit, Ear Opening, Premaxilla, Dentary, Quadrate, Craniofacial Hinge) Fig. 4-8 in Podulka et al. 2004

  22. Asymmetry of Ear Opening 20 Fig. 4-47 in Podulka et al. 2004

  23. Cranial Kinesis Fig. 4-10 in Podulka et al. 2004

  24. Cranial Kinesis Articular Fig. 4-10 in Podulka et al. 2004

  25. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Craniaofacial Hinge, Premaxilla, Dentary, Articular, Quadrate, Jugal Arch, Palatine)

  26. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Teeth?) 19 20 Ichthyornis 18 17

  27. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Hyoid Apparatus: Tongue Bone + Hyoid Horns) Fig. 4-11 in Podulka et al. 2004

  28. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Hyoid Apparatus) Fig. 4-12 in Podulka et al. 2004

  29. Axial Skeleton: Skull Premaxilla Dentary Premaxillary Dentary Craniofacial Hinge Quadrate Articular Orbit Ear Opening Hyoid Apparatus Hyoid Horns Tongue Bone = Entoglossal Bone Occipital Condyle

  30. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae (Vertebral Regions)

  31. Axial Skeleton: Cervical Vertebrae (Occipital Condyle, Atlas, Axis, Dens of Axis) Fig. 4-14 in Podulka et al. 2004

  32. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae (Cervical Vertebra) (Spinous Process, Centrum, Rib Remnant) Fig. 4-14 in Podulka et al. 2004

  33. Axial Skeleton: Cervical Vertebrae 24 20

  34. Axial Skeleton: Cervical Vertebrae (Heterocoelous Centrum Ends of Free Vertebrae) Fig. 4-13 in Podulka et al. 2004

  35. Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Vertebrae (Free Thoracic Vertebra, Notarium, Rib Facets) ( Fused Spinous Processes, Rib Facets) Fig. 4-14b in Podulka et al. 2004

  36. Axial Skeleton: Ribs (Vertebral Rib, Uncinate Process, Sternal Rib) Fig. 4-15 in Podulka et al. 2004

  37. Axial Skeleton: Ribs (Vertebral Rib, Uncinate Process) (Fig. 4-14b in Podulka et al. 2004)

  38. Axial Skeleton: Lower Vertebrae (Synsacrum = Lower Thoracic, All Lumbar and Sacral, Some Caudal) Fig. 4-6 in Podulka et al. 2004

  39. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae (Free Caudal Vertebra, Pygostyle) Fig. 4-6 in Podulka et al. 2004

  40. Axial Skeleton (Vertebrae) Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebra Atlas Axis Dens Rib Remnant Heterocoelus Centrum Ends Notarium Rib Facets Vertebral Rib Caudal Rib Uncinate Process Synsacrum Pygostyle

  41. Appendicular Skeleton • Wings • Hind Limb • Pectoral Girdle • Sternum • Pelvic Girdle

  42. Axial Skeleton: Sternum (Sternum (Carina = Keel)) “Carinate” 22 Fig. 4-15 in Podulka et al. 2004

  43. Axial Skeleton: Sternum “Ratite” Fig. 4-19 in Podulka et al. 2004 23

  44. Appendicular Skeleton: Wing Bones (Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpometacarpus, Phalange) Fig. 4-14 in Podulka et al. 2004

  45. Appendicular Skeleton: Carpometacarpus Most Carpals + All Metacarpals

  46. Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle Scapulas Clavicles (Furcula) Coracoids Glenoid Fossa Foramen Triosseum Fig. 4-16 in Podulka et al. 2004

  47. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton “Free Floating” Pectoral Girdle Skeletal Attachment: Base of Coracoid, Sternum Golden Eagle Fig. 4-16 in Podulka et al. 2004

  48. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) Ischia fuse to Synsacrum to provide rigid support Fig. 4-20 in Podulka et al. 2004

  49. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) Open Pelvis Golden Eagle

  50. Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Leg (Femur, Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus, Digits) (Fig. 4-21 in Podulka et al. 2004)

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