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OUTLINE 6 VI. Morphogenesis A. General features of gastrulation B. Cell movement

OUTLINE 6 VI. Morphogenesis A. General features of gastrulation B. Cell movement 1. extension and contraction 2. adhesion C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin D. Gastrulation in the frog E. Three layers of cells 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm F. Neurulation.

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OUTLINE 6 VI. Morphogenesis A. General features of gastrulation B. Cell movement

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  1. OUTLINE 6 VI. Morphogenesis A. General features of gastrulation B. Cell movement 1. extension and contraction 2. adhesion C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin D. Gastrulation in the frog E. Three layers of cells 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm F. Neurulation

  2. animal pole vegetal pole

  3. After this point, Protostomes and Deuterostomes depart

  4. Echinoderms Chordates Annelids Arthropods Mollusks Protostomes Deuterostomes Acoelomates TIME

  5. EGG MORULA

  6. SEA URCHIN BLASTULA

  7. Fig 47.16

  8. Fig 47.9 Animal pole Blastocoel Vegetal pole Start of invagination (blastopore)

  9. Fig 47.9 Archenteron

  10. Fig 47.9 Archenteron Mouth Digestive tract Anus

  11. Fig 47.9 Archenteron endoderm ectoderm mesoderm

  12. Fig 47.7

  13. Fig 47.7

  14. Fig 47.8 FROG BLASTULA

  15. Fig 47.10

  16. Frog blastula blastocoel Dorsal lip. The invagination for gastrulation starts here

  17. Fig 47.10

  18. Fig 47.10

  19. Fig 47.10

  20. Scanning Election Micrographs

  21. Fig. 47.11 Neurulation in the frog

  22. OUTLINE 7 VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development A. Cytoplasmic determinants 1. axes of symmetry in amphibians 2. bicoid gene in Drosophila B. Cell communication 1. Holtfreter’s work 2. mechanisms of cell recognition 3. induction C. Morphogens and pattern formation (chick limb bud) D. Hormones (in amphibian development) 1. pattern of metamorphosis 2. role of thyroxin 3. evidence

  23. ectoderm mesoderm endoderm 1. dissociation 3. resegregation 2. reaggregation Holtfretter 1955

  24. Spemann and Mangold: an organizer Fig. 47.22

  25. Pattern formation: the chick limb bud Fig. 47.24

  26. Pattern formation: the chick limb bud Fig. 47.24

  27. Tadpole Aquatic Gills Herbivorous Swimming Frog Terrestrial Lungs Carnivorous Jumping metamorphosis

  28. How do hormones turn on and off the genes that control development?

  29. Fig. 21.23 Development in the fly

  30. Fig. 21.24 Determination of anterior - posterior axis in the fly

  31. Natural variation in hormone levels can cause developmental plasticity

  32. Bigger is better! Pond dries, metamorphosis or death larger Size of tadpole smaller Time

  33. Stage 36 C O Stage 27 C 20 mm 20 mm O Stage 42 C O Omnivore Carnivore

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