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Managing the Obese Patient, With Emphasis on Exercise

Managing the Obese Patient, With Emphasis on Exercise. Kevin deWeber, MD Family Physician Primary Care Sports Medicine USUHS. Objectives. Review the benefits of exercise in obesity Discuss the relative benefits of exercise vs. diet in achieving and maintaining weight loss

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Managing the Obese Patient, With Emphasis on Exercise

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  1. Managing the Obese Patient,With Emphasis on Exercise Kevin deWeber, MD Family Physician Primary Care Sports Medicine USUHS

  2. Objectives • Review the benefits of exercise in obesity • Discuss the relative benefits of exercise vs. diet in achieving and maintaining weight loss • Discuss what types of exercise are most beneficial • Learn how to risk-stratify obese patients • Learn the components of treatment necessary for weight loss

  3. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the global method of determining overweight/obesityBMI = wt/ht²(kg/m²)(lbs/in²)x704.5

  4. Definitions • Normal: BMI 18 - 24.9 • Overweight: 25 -29.9 • Obese: >= 30 • Class I 30 - 34.9 • Class II 35 - 39.9 • Class III >= 40

  5. Etiology of obesity • Too much food intake • Insufficient energy output • Not enough exercise • Low resting metabolic rate • Genetic predisposition • Environment favoring weight gain • Psychological stressors

  6. Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes mellitus Coronary artery dz. Cerebrovascular dz. OVERALL MORTALITY HIGHER! Gallbladder dz. Sleep apnea Osteoarthritis Gout Cancers Colon Breast Prostate Uterus Cervix Obesity is associated with increased risk of co-morbid conditions:

  7. The scope of overweight/obesity • 52% of US adults are overweight or obese! • ONE HALF! • Prevalence is INCREASING! • 30% increase in adults in two decades • >80% increase in children/adolescents!!! • Second-leading PREVENTABLE cause of death in the US

  8. * “Trends in overweight and physical activity among U.S. mlitary personnel, 1995-1998.” • 1995: 50% of military personnel overweight • 1998: 54% • Physical activity levels were high • 67% engaging in regular, vigorous PA. • Levels of PA Increased from 1995-1998 • CONCLUSION: the increase in Overweight is not due to decreased PA • Lindquist CH, Bray RM. Prev Med 2001 Jan;32(1):57-65.

  9. “Healthy Obesity” • Physically-fit obese patients have LOWER mortality rates than unfit normal-weight persons! • Being thin doesn’t guarantee being healthy • Being fat doesn’t HAVE to be unhealthy • Physical activity and cardiovascular fitness are much more predictive of health than body weight

  10. Relative risk of all-cause mortality Obese UNfit Normal UNfit Obese FIT Normal FIT

  11. Relative risk of cardiovascular disease Obese UNfit Normal UNfit Obese FIT Normal FIT

  12. Despite the protection against cardiovascular dz. and all-cause mortality that cardio-respiratory fitness incurs, obesity still has its problems. • Osteoarthritis • Decreased quality of life • Social discrimination • Functional limitations

  13. Facts on exercise in obesity tx. • Exercise alone only leads to slight wt loss, if any, but marked reduction in mortality • Adding moderate/vigorous aerobic exercise to dieting slightly increases wt loss • Aerobic exercise during wt loss lessens loss of FFM • Resistance exercise during wt loss preserves FFM and may help maintain wt loss • Any type of exercise helps maintain wt loss, but duration must be 4-10 hours/week • Compliance may be better with multiple short-bout sessions

  14. * How good is exercise alone for weight loss? • Not very effective • 11 studies • 5 found no change in weight w/ Exercise alone • 6 showed slight weight loss w/ Exercise alone • 1-2 kg

  15. * Ross R et al. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000 Jul 133(2):92-103

  16. How much does exercise combined with diet add to weight loss? • Not very much • 15 studies • only 4 showed increased weight loss w/ addition of exercise to diet • Exercise may, however, help people pay more attention to their diets

  17. “A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise, or diet plus exercise intervention.” • Average 15-week treatment • Diet or Diet-plus-exercise program, produces a weight loss of about 11 kg • Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ.Int J Obs Relat Metab Disord 1998 Aug;22(8):825.

  18. * What is the effect of exercise intensity on weight loss? • Not much • as long as it is moderate to high

  19. “Relationship between physical activity and body fat in women.” • Irwin ML et al. Presented at 2001 ACSM Conference, Baltimore. • 143 women • BMI and waist circumference were significantly related to: • Moderate PA • Vigorous PA • Sports/conditioning • Occupation PA • (but not to walking or household/yardwork)

  20. Are multiple, short-duration bouts as good as continuous exercise for weight loss? • Data inconclusive • Two studies suggest so. • More enjoyable + More accessible = Better compliance • One study suggests no difference

  21. * Jakicic JM et al. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999 Oct;282(16):1554-60.

  22. “The effects of 18 months of intermittent vs. continuous exercise on aerobic capacity, body weight and composition, and metabolic fitness in previously sedentary, moderately obese females.” • Two exercise groups: • continuous (30 min, 3d/wk, 60-75% VO2max) • intermittent (brisk walking 15 min 2x/day, 5d/wk). • Weight loss: • continuous group: -2.1% • intermittent group: none • Donnelly JE at al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 May;24(5):566-72.

  23. What is effect of resistance exercise on weight loss? • None • Some studies even show weight gain • However, there may be some other benefits (stay tuned)

  24. Does aerobic exercise vs. diet alone alter the composition of weight loss? • YES • Diet alone leads to marked reduction in fat free mass (FFM) as well as fat mass • 7 of 10 studies: aerobic exercise preserves (FFM) • Differences could be related to degree of obesity • Higher BMI --> less FFM lost

  25. Does exercise intensity affect body composition? • Inadequately studied

  26. What is the effect of resistance training on body composition? • Definitely preserves, and may even increase, FFM • Unclear effect on fat mass • 3 studies show more fat mass lost w/ Diet + Resistance vs. Diet alone • 3 studies show no difference

  27. * What role does exercise have in weight loss maintenance? • An important role • Wing RR. Med Sci Sports Exer 1999 • Review of literature; 6 studies • 4 of 8: significant long term differences favoring diet + exercise • 4 of 8: trend favoring diet + exercise

  28. “Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained long-term weight losses.” • Phone survey of 238 pts who lost >10% body wt Factors that correlated with maintenance: • Higher levels of exercise, especially strenuous • More behavioral strategies to control dietary fat intake • Greater frequency of self-weighing • McGuire MT et al. Obes Res 1999 Jul;7(4):334-41.

  29. How much exercise is needed for optimal weight loss maintenance? • The more, the better! • 210 min/week brisk walking: 40% wt regain • 600 min/week brisk walking: 15% retain

  30. What type of exercise is best for weight loss maintenance? • Either aerobic or resistance • ? Both?

  31. Resistance exercise DURING weight loss may have a role in long-term maintenance. • RCT, 20 kids/adolescents, 2 groups, 12 weeks • Diet-only • Diet + Resistance Exercise • Weight loss equal in both groups • Fat free mass decreased in diet-only group • At one year f/u, wt regain inversely related with fat free mass at 12 wks • Schwingshandl J et al. Effect of an individualised training programme during weight reduction on body composition: a randomised trial. Arch Dis Child 1999 Nov;81(5):426-8.

  32. Response of obesity to exercise may have a genetic component. • Study of obese patients in France • UCP3 gene • Wild C/C genotype: BMI was negatively a/w PA (p=.015). • C-->T polymorphism: BMI not a/w PA • Otabe S et al. A genetic variation in the 5' flanking region of the UCP3 gene is associated with body mass index in humans in interaction with physical activity. Diabetologia 2000 Feb;43(2):245-9.

  33. HIGH RISK Coronary artery dz Sleep apnea Type 2 diabetes RISK FACTORS Age (men>45, W>55) HTN LDL > 160 HDL < 35 Impaired fasting gluc FH of premature CAD Osteoarthritis Gallstones Stress incontinence Smoking Risk-stratifying obese patients

  34. Treating Obese patients

  35. The undisputed, #1 BEST method of treatment for obesityis...

  36. (there is no one single best method)

  37. Treating obesity demands a multi-faceted approach with chronic monitoring 1. Decreased caloric intake 2. Increased exercise 3. Behavioral modification 4. +/- Pharmacotherapy 5. +/- Surgery

  38. Behavior modification strategies, extended treatment, and physical activity are excellent predictors of weight loss during treatment.Foreyt JP, Goodrick GK. Evidence for success of behavior modification in weight loss and control. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993;119:698-701.

  39. Goals of treatment • Get patients to look like models? • NOT • Get patients to their ideal body weight? • NOT practical usually • Get patients to lose 5-10% of body weight? • HOPEFULLY • Get patients to exercise and reduce their mortality risk? • DEFINITELY!

  40. Set reasonable expectations • Gradually develop regular exercise • Gradually develop more healthy eating • Shoot for losing 5-10% of body weight first

  41. Why the not-so-lofty goals? • Rarely do obese patients achieve ideal wt • Falling short of lofty goals (SO common) leaves patients disappointed and highly susceptible to re-gain of weight lost • Health can be achieved WHILE still obese • “Healthy obesity” concept

  42. 1. Decreased caloric intake • 500 - 1000 kcal/day less than usual • Lose 1-2 lbs/week • Women: 1000 - 1200 kcal/day total diet • Men: 1200 - 1500 kcal/day total diet National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. 1998.

  43. 2. Increased exercise • Exercise regularly • Need to gradually work up to this • Start with brisk walking 10-45 min, 3-5 days/week • Work up to 60-80 min, most or all days/week • Aim to expend 1,000 - 2,000 kcal/week NHLBI, ACSM

  44. * What kind of exercise is best for obesity treatment? • May be a combination of aerobic AND resistance training

  45. Kraemer WJ et al. Influence of exercise training on physiological and performance changes with weight loss in men. Med Sci Sports Exer 1999 Sep;31(9):1320-9.

  46. Counseling patients to increase exercise (cont.) • Use the 5 A’s of counseling:\ • Address the agenda • Assess • Knowledge, beliefs, concerns, feelings, stage of change • Advise • Personalized exercise recommendations • Assist • Provide support, identify barriers and resources • Arrange follow-up

  47. Tailor counseling to the patient’s stage of change • Pre-contemplation - not remotely interested • Contemplation - considering wt loss • Preparation - starting to make small changes • Action - meeting behavior change criteria • Maintenance - steady behavior over time

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