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Managing Obese Pets

Managing Obese Pets. Managing Obese Pets. Definition and incidence Assessing body condition Energy balance Preventing obesity Treating obesity and preventing recurrence. Definition and Incidence. Definition - Increase in body fat →impairs health or function

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Managing Obese Pets

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  1. Managing Obese Pets

  2. Managing Obese Pets • Definition and incidence • Assessing body condition • Energy balance • Preventing obesity • Treating obesity and preventing recurrence

  3. Definition and Incidence • Definition - Increase in body fat →impairs health or function - > 20% above ideal bodyweight

  4. Definition and Incidence • Increasing incidence of obesity

  5. Estimated 25-40% pets are overweight or obese Owners and veterinarians tend to underestimate incidence of obesity Body condition scoring is useful tool for recognition of obesity Definition and incidence • Incidence

  6. Definition and incidence • Owner evaluation of pet weight Under 2% Under 4% Over 18% Over 19% Average 80% Average 77% Dog Cat 1992 AAHA Survey

  7. Associated with or exacerbates specific diseases May make pets less tolerant of metabolic stress Can complicate therapeutic and diagnostic procedures Definition and incidence • Health risks of obesity

  8. Health Benefits and Risks • Obesity issues Metabolic Functional Disease risks Hyperlipidemia Joint stress Dermatoses Hyperinsulinemia Dyspnea Reproduction Glucose intolerance Hypertension Immunocompromise Diabetes mellitus Tumors DOD/osteoarthritis

  9. Assessing Body Condition • Diagnosis of obesity • Body weight • Compare to weight at 1 year • Body condition scoring

  10. Body Condition Scoring A clinical assessment of body fat Accounts for animal’s frame size independent of its weight Uses defined criteria to help make the process more objective Recommend a 5-point system for body condition scoring Assessing body condition

  11. DEXA

  12. 5-Point Body Condition Scoring System 1 – Very Thin 2 – Underweight 3 – Ideal 4 – Over weight 5 - Obese Assessing body condition

  13. 3 – Ideal Ribs – Easily felt with slight fat cover Bony prominences – easily felt with slight fat cover Side view – Abdominal tuck Overhead view – Well-pronounced waist Assessing body condition

  14. 4 – Overweight Ribs – Difficult to feel under moderate fat cover Abdominal fat pad – Moderate Side view – No abdominal tuck Overhead view – Back is slightly broadened at waist Assessing body condition

  15. 5 – Obese Ribs – Difficult to feel under thick fat cover Abdominal fat pad marked Side view – No waist; fat hangs from abdomen Overhead view – Back is markedly broadened Fat deposits – Limbs & face Assessing body condition

  16. Assessing body condition BCS = 1

  17. Assessing body condition BCS=3

  18. Assessing body condition BCS = 5

  19. BCS % Body Fat % Ideal Wt. 1 5 85 2 6-14 86-94 3 15-24 95-106 4 25-34 107-122 5 35-45+ 124-146+ Assessment of body condition Toll P, et al. SACN, 4th Ed, 2000

  20. ENERGY BALANCE Caloric intake Activity Intake > Use = Weight Gain Use > Intake = Weight Loss

  21. Energy Balance Energy Intake Factors Energy Expenditure • Internal • Genetics (breed) • Gender/neuter status • Age • Decreased metabolism • Exessive appetite • RER • TEF • Environment • Activity • Production • External • Food availability • Food palatability • Food composition (high fat/calorie) • Owner’s behavior

  22. Energy Balance • Variation in Energy Requirement for Body Weight Maintenance of Dogs 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 • Number of Dogs 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 • % of average metabolizable energy intake per kg metabolic body weight

  23. Preventing Obesity • Risk factors • Owner • Patient • Food • Activities DVM assessment

  24. Preventing Obesity • Owner risk factors • Relationship tofood • Overweight • Age • Child substitute

  25. Preventing Obesity • Patient risk factors • Life stage • Gender • Neutering • Breed

  26. Preventing Obesity • Life stage Obese puppies and kittens Obese adults

  27. Percent Body Fat - Canine Preventing obesity 25 20 %Fat 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Years of Age Age: p = 0.0001 Age2: p = 0.0001

  28. 40 30 %Fat 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Years of Age Preventing obesity Percent Body Fat - Feline Age: p = 0.046 Age2: p = 0.042

  29. Preventing Obesity • Effects of Age on Obesity 50 • % of • Dogs • Overweight 30 10 1 - 4 5 - 7 8 - 11 > 12 • Age (years) Source: Mason, Vet Rec 86:612 (1970)

  30. Preventing Obesity • Effects of Age on Energy Req. 150 Labrador Retrievers 140 • kcal DE/kg 135 110 < 1 2 3-7 > 7 • Age (years) Kleazle & Rainbird, Waltham Symp, 1990

  31. Preventing Obesity • Effects of Gender on K-9 Obesity 50 • % of • Dogs • Overweight 30 10 Intact Neutered Intact Neutered Male Female Source: Edney & Smith, Vet Rec 118:391 (1986)

  32. Preventing Obesity • Feline Obesity Study 80 60 40 20 0 • Food Intake (g/day) Preneuter Postneuter (3 mos.) Preneuter Postneuter (3 mos.) Male Female

  33. Preventing Obesity • Feline Obesity Study 40 30 20 10 0 • %Weight Gain Preneuter Postneuter (3 mos.) Preneuter Postneuter (3 mos.) Male Female

  34. Preventing Obesity • Food risk factors • High palatability • Ad-lib intake • Competition • Treats • Table scraps • Hunting andscavenging

  35. Commercial Foods - Forms • Frequency of feeding Dog dryCat dryCat moist Once daily 45% 22% 43% Twice daily 26% 19% 30% Bowl always full 26% 51% 3% < once daily 1% 2% 18% Habits & Practices Study, Sept 2002

  36. Preventing Obesity • Activity risk factor assessment • Lifestyle of owner and pet • Concurrent diseases in pet

  37. Treating Obesity • Success in obesity treatment • Humans 0-5% • Animals up to 50%

  38. Treating Obesity • Successful treatment depends on: • Owner education • Owner motivation • Veterinary involvement • Provision of key nutritional factors

  39. Treating Obesity • Veterinary involvement • Estimate ideal weight • Select reducing food • Calculate food dose • Recommend exercise • Graph weight vs. time

  40. GOAL Treating Obesity • Weight Loss Performance Chart Weight 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Time (Weeks)

  41. Treating Obesity – Energy Restriction • Determining energy req’t • Resting Energy Requirment RER = 70BWkg0.75or 30BWkg +70 • Daily Energy Requirement Dog 1.6 X RER Cat 1.2 x RER

  42. Treating Obesity – Energy Restriction • Determining energy req’t Dogs: 1.0 RER (60% DER) Cats: 0.8 x RER (70% DER) @ estimated ideal weight ü Use care in feline caloric restriction

  43. Treating Obesity • Food dose calculation • Example: 13.5 kg obese dog 10 kg ideal weight • RER (kcal/day) = (30 Wtkg+70)[30 (10) + 70] = 370 kcal/day

  44. Treating Obesity • Select a reducing diet: 260 kcal/can 370 kcal ¸ 260 kcal/can = 1.4 cans (vs. 0.75 can maintenance food) 200 kcal/cup370 kcal ¸ 200 kcal/cup = 1.85 cups (vs. 1.25 cups maintenance food)

  45. Nutritional technology for weight loss: Calorie Control – reduce caloric density Intake Control Reduce internal drive to eat – satiety via fiber, water, AA’s Metabolic Control Shift metabolism from storage to usage Carnitine Treating obesity

  46. Treatment Options • Reducing diet characteristics • Moderate kcal restriction (20-50%) • Non-energy nutrients balanced to dry matter intake • Low fat • High fiber for satiety and kcal • Protein and micronutrients • Profile suitable for dogs and cats

  47. Key nutritional factors for weight loss (DMB): Energy canine < 3.4 kcal ME/g Energy feline < 3.6 kcal ME/g Fat 5-12% for dogs, 7-14% cats Fiber 12-30% crude fiber Protein >25% for dogs, >35% for cats Treating obesity

  48. The Effect of Fiber on Energy and Total Diet Intake Energy Diet high Low Fat, High Fiber Low Fat, Low Fiber Low Fat, Low Fiber Intake Low Fat, Moderate Fiber low low high Fiber (energy dilution)

  49. Treating obesity Effect of a Dry Fiber-Enhanced, Low Calorie Food* for Weight Loss in Dogs * Prescription Diet Canine dry r/d Fed at 1.0 x RER at ideal weight

  50. Typical Energy Metabolism Treating feline obesity

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