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Models of Psychopathology

Models of Psychopathology. Unidimensional Models One Cause of a Disorder Multidimensional Models Multiple, Linear Causes Diathesis-Stress Model Reciprocal Models Reciprocal Gene-Environmental Model. Fig. 2-2, p. 38. Fig. 2-1, p. 33. Biological Factors. Neuronal Structure and Function

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Models of Psychopathology

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  1. Models of Psychopathology • Unidimensional Models • One Cause of a Disorder • Multidimensional Models • Multiple, Linear Causes • Diathesis-Stress Model • Reciprocal Models • Reciprocal Gene-Environmental Model

  2. Fig. 2-2, p. 38

  3. Fig. 2-1, p. 33

  4. Biological Factors • Neuronal Structure and Function • Brain Structure and Function • Nervous System Structure • Fight or Flight Reaction

  5. Neurons • Structure of Neurons • Soma • Dendrites • Axon • Axon terminals • Synapses • Electrochemical Communication • Action Potential • Neurotransmitters

  6. Neurotransmission

  7. How SSRIs Work

  8. Neurons

  9. Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) • Agonists, Antagonists, Inverse Agonists • Serotonin (Many, SSRIs) • Widespread, esp. in cortex • Behavior, mood, thought • GABA (Benzodiazepines) • Anxiety and stress reduction • Muscle relaxation • Reduced arousal and emotion (increased passivity)

  10. Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) (2) • Norepinephrine (Autonomic Functions) • aka noradrenaline • Indirect effects • Dopamine • Overlap with Serotonin Circuits • Motor behavior • Exploratory, Pleasure-Seeking • Schizophrenia (too much) • Parkinson’s Disease (too little)

  11. Divisions of the Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration • Pons – Regulates sleep stages • Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination • Midbrain • Coordinates movement with sensory input • Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) • Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) • Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing • Two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum

  12. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex • Frontal • Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory • Parietal • Touch recognition • Occipital • Integrates visual input • Temporal • Recognition of sights and sounds and long-term memory storage

  13. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

  14. The Endocrine System • Hormones • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) • Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

  15. Implications (cont.) • Causal Connection? • Experience Can Change Brain Structure and Function • Medications and Psychotherapy Can Change Brain Structure and Function • “Filling Fallacy” and “Aspirin Analogy” • Cavities caused by lack of metal in tooth • Headache caused by lack of aspirin • Beware of the typical assumption

  16. Psychological Factors Behavioral Models Learned (reinforced/punished) Behavior Cognitive Models Faulty Thought Processes (e.g., attributions) Social Learning Theory Observational Learning Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious causes

  17. Developmental Factors • Age and expectations • Erikson’s Theory • Adjusting to Transitions

  18. Social Factors Interpersonal Relationships Social Support Familial Factors Beyond genetics Siocioeconomic Impact of poverty Some issues unrelated to SES

  19. Cultural Factors • Norms, Beliefs, Expectations • Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behavior • Culture-bound Syndromes • Amok, Koro, Witiko, Hikikomori , Latah • Anorexia Nervosa • Gender Effects • Powerful, but unclear effects

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