Bell Ringer 11.26.2012

1. Bell Ringer11.26.2012 • Objetives: SWBAT describe the levels of consciousness. • SWBAT explain the stages of sleep. • How often do you remember your dreams? • How many hours of sleep do you get (on average) per night? • Take out your notes to be checked!

2. Unit 5: States of Consciousness AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier

3. Key Ideas: • Levels of consciousness • Sleep and dreaming • Sleep disorders • Hypnosis • Meditation • Psychoactive drugs – depressants, narcotics, stimulants, hallucinogens

4. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • preconscious: the level of consciousness that is outside of awareness but contains feelings and memories that you can easily bring into conscious awareness. • e.g. What did you have for dinner last night?

5. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • nonconscious: the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely inaccessible to conscious awareness. • e.g. blood flow, filtering of blood by kidneys, secretion of hormones, distance of objects, recognizing patterns, etc.

6. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • unconscious: sometimes called the subconscious, the level of consciousness that includes often unacceptable feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly available to conscious awareness.

7. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • This is according to psychoanalysts and psychodynamic psychologists. • It operates whenever you feel or act without being aware of what’s influencing you, whether it’s a stimulus from the current situation or from your past.

8. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • Unconsciousness is characterized by loss of responsiveness to the environment resulting from disease, trauma, or anesthesia.

9. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • Consciousness enables you to analyze, compare, and interpret experiences, and allows you to integrate what you already know, what you perceive in the present, and what you anticipate. • Consciousness can be altered by sleep, hypnosis, meditation, and drugs.

10. SLEEP & DREAMS • Your biological clock is controlled by your hypothalamus. • It systematically regulates your body temperate, blood pressure, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, and activity levels over the course of about a day. • Without environmental cues, the body runs on a 25-hour cycle.

11. SLEEP & DREAMS • Circadian rhythms: cycles of change that recur approximately every 24 hours. • The forebrain, the reticular formation, and the thalamus are involved in the changes in wakefulness, arousal, and attention.

12. Why do we sleep? • Two restorative functions: • one involved in protein synthesis throughout the body • consolidation: maintaining plasticity of neural connections essential for storing and retrieving memories, which enables your to put together new material from the day before with old material.

13. SLEEP & DREAMS • Sleep deprivation makes you drowsy, unable to concentrate, and impairs your memory and immune system. • Newborns = needs 16 to 18 hours • Adults = 7 to 8 hours

14. SLEEP & DREAMS • sleep: a complex combination of states of consciousness, each with its own level of consciousness, awareness, responsiveness, and physiological arousal. • EEGs (electroencephalogram) can measure the changes in brain waves.

15. SLEEP & DREAMS • Stage 1 sleep – quick sleep stage with gradual loss of responsiveness to outside, drifting thoughts, and images. EEGs show theta waves. • Stage 2 sleep – about 50% of sleep time. EEGs show high-frequency sleep spindles and K complexes.

16. SLEEP & DREAMS • Stage 3 sleep – deep sleep stage. EEGs show some high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves. • Stage 4 sleep – deepest sleep stage. EEGs show mostly delta waves. Slowed heart rate and respiration, lowered temperature and lowered blood flow to the brain. Growth hormone is secreted.

17. SLEEP & DREAMS

18. SLEEP & DREAMS

19. SLEEP & DREAMS

20. SLEEP & DREAMS • REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement sleep) – sleep stage when eyes dart about. About 80% dreaming, 5 to 6 times each night (about 20% of sleep time). • Called paradoxical sleep because EEGs are similar to stage 1 and wakefulness, but we are in deep sleep with skeletal muscles paralyzed.

21. SLEEP & DREAMS

22. SLEEP & DREAMS

23. SLEEP & DREAMS • Nightmares: frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep. • Lucid dreaming: the ability to be aware of and direct one’s dreams, has been used to help people make recurrent nightmares less frightening.

24. Interpretation of Dreams • According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalyst, dreams were “The royal road to the unconscious,” a safety valve for unconscious desires and fears disguised in dreams.

25. Interpretation of Dreams • Manifest content: according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. • Latent content: according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream.

26. Interpretation of Dreams • Activation-synthesis theory: during REM sleep the brainstem stimulates the forebrain with random neural activity, which we interpret as a dream

27. Interpretation of Dreams • Cognitive information processing theory: dreams are the interplay of brain waves and psychological functioning of interpretive parts of the mind. • daydreaming: state with focus on inner, private realities, which can generate creative ideas.

28. Sleep Disorders • insomnia: the inability to fall asleep and/or stay asleep. • narcolepsy: sudden and uncontrollable lapse into sleep (usually REM). • Sleep apnea: temporary cessations of breathing that awaken the sufferer repeatedly during the night.

29. Sleep Disorders • Night terrors: in children, characterized by bloodcurdling screams and intense fear during stage 4 sleep. • sleepwalking: usually in children during stage 4 sleep.

30. Bell Ringer11.27.2012 • Objetives: SWBAT define hypnosis. SWBAT define meditation. • Write down the stages of sleep in the order we move through them at night AND write down one key characteristic of each stage.

31. Hypnosis • hypnosis: state with deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility. • Under hypnosis, subjects can change aspects of reality and let those changes influence their behavior.

32. Hypnosis • Hypnotized individuals may feel as if their bodies are floating or sinking; see, feel, hear, smell, or taste things that aren’t there; lose sense of touch or pain; be made to feel like they are passing back in time; act as if they are out of their own control; and respond to suggestions by others. • Subjects can have trouble differentiating between this make-believe and reality.

33. Hypnosis • Three theories on hypnotism: • Hypnotism involves highly focused awareness and intensified imagination. • Hypnotism is a social phenomenon in which highly motivated subjects enter a hypnotized “role.”

34. Hypnosis • dissociation: a division of consciousness. • Part of consciousness responds to suggestions, while the “hidden observer” provides evidence for dissociation of consciousness. • Evidence: hypnotized subjects who indicate that a part of them is experiencing more pain with hands submerged in ice water than the hypnotized subjects acknowledge.

35. Hypnosis • After hypnosis, the individual may follow a posthypnotic suggestion and may have a thought or feeling without conscious knowledge of its hypnotically suggested source. • They may also experience posthypnotic amnesia, forgetting selected events by suggestion.

36. Hypnosis • One of the most practical applications is pain control, and hypnosis is used in surgery, childbirth, and dentistry.

37. Meditation • Meditation: a set of techniques used to focus concentration away from thoughts and feelings in order to create calmness, tranquility, and inner peace. • EEGs of meditators show alpha waves characteristic of relaxed wakefulness.

38. Meditation • Physiological changes, like lowered blood pressure, slowed heart and breathing rates, and warming of hands are common during meditation, and indicate action of the parasympathetic nervous system, which we normally cannot consciously control. • Meditators often report an increased feeling of well-being.

39. Meditation • Psychologists disagree as to whether or not meditation is an altered state of consciousness. • A Buddhist monk has his vital signs measured as he prepares to enter an advanced state of meditation in Normandy, France. During meditation, the monk's body produces enough heat to dry cold, wet sheets put over his shoulders in a frigid room

40. Drugs • Psychoactive drugs: chemicals that can pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood.

41. Drugs • They produce a wide range of effects from mild relaxation or increased alertness to vivid hallucinations. • The effect a person expects from a drug partly determines the actual effect on the person. • Different effects can be experienced depending on one’s mood and social situation.

42. Drugs • Psychoactive drugs stimulate or inhibit different regions of the brain by interacting with neurotransmitter systems.

43. Drugs • Psychological dependence: when a person has intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects. • If a person uses a drug repeatedly, the intensity of produced effects by the same dose may decrease, causing the person to take larger doses.

44. Drugs • Tolerance: the decreasing responsivity to a drug. • This partly depends on environmental stimuli associated with taking the drug.

45. Drugs • Physiological dependence (addiction): blood chemistry changes from taking a drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms. • Withdrawal symptoms: typically intense craving for drug and effects opposite to those the drug usually induces.

46. Drugs • There are hundreds of psychoactive drugs, but they can be classified into four broad categories: • Depressants (Barbituates) • Narcotics (Opiates) • Stimulants • Hallucinogens

47. Bell Ringer11.28.2012 • Objetives: SWBAT create a presentation about a psychoactive drug. • Briefly define, in your own words, HYPNOSIS and MEDITATION. • Sit with your project group!

48. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS JIGSAW • Directions: With your group, read the following articles on psychoactive drugs. Then create a poster and presentation (approximately 5-10 minutes long) about your psychoactive drug. Answer the following questions below: • 1. What are the main effects of the drug? • 2. What are some common versions of the drug? • 3. What neurotransmitters are affected? • 4. What are some health risks associated with the drug? • 5. What are the withdrawal/addiction problems for this drug?

49. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS JIGSAW • EVERYONE in your group should be participating (writers, note takers, poster makers, presenters, etc.) • On the back of your poster, write down what everyone’s role was. • The group whose poster is voted most informative & attractive will win a prize!

50. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS JIGSAW • You have 20 minutes to finish your group’s presentation. • After you will present in two groups. • When you are not presenting, you will be listening to other presentations and filling out your graphic organizer.