Earthquake Engineering Research Institute University of Notre Dame

1. Shakes and Quakes An Engineer's View Part 1 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute University of Notre Dame

2. Buildings Dams Tunnels Domes Bridges Structural Engineering

3. 1 Where do Earthquakes Occur?

4. Previous Earthquakes

5. Structure of the Earth

6. Continents Move!

7. Earthquakes Occur at ... PLATE BOUNDARIES

8. San Andreas Fault California

9. 2 How do Earthquakes Occur?

10. Thrust Fault Normal Fault Strike Fault Oblique Fault FAULTS in the Earth's Crust

11. Earthquakes Occur Because ... FAULTS RUPTURE

12. 3 What do Earthquakes Cause?

13. Earthquakes Cause ... SEISMIC WAVES

14. Types of Seismic Waves BODY WAVES SURFACE WAVES

15. 4 Are We in Danger?

16. Who is in Danger?

17. How About the U.S.?

18. 1947 1947 1983 1980 1986 1987 0 None 1 Little 1980 2 Some 3 Large New Madrid Fault US Risk Map: Earthquakes

20. We must design buildings that can survive earthquakes! How can we protect the lives of those in danger?

21. What are buildings made of?

22. Bricks, Stones and Mortar MASONRY BUILDINGS

23. Masonry Building Challenge • Companies consisting of 3 or 4 partners • Company name • Need teamwork and planning • Partner tasks • Building owner • Architect • Engineer • Builder

24. PLAN VIEW Testing Direction Lego Rules • Use LEGO blocks to make masonry buildings • Base must be no bigger than 4 by 8 Lego dots • Must be at least 30 stories high

25. Owner pays for the building wants to make money must have lots of rooms, especially rooms with windows, and be very tall What goes into designing our building?

26. Architect designs the building to meet the owner’s needs and to be beautiful What goes into designing our building?

27. What makes a beautiful building? Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Pantheon, Rome San Pietro Citta’ del Vaticano, Rome Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence St. Paul’s Cathedral, London

28. Engineers help to design the building to make sure it does not collapse under the forces of nature What goes into designing our building?

29. Hints: Ground Floors Should Be Sturdy

30. Hints: Avoid the weak links!

31. Hints: Don’t be top heavy!

32. Construction • The builder is responsible for constructing the building based on the final design. • Hint: Be sure the blocks are firmly pressed together…connections are important!

33. Example Buildings

34. What kind of buildings are made of masonry?Are all the world’s buildings made of masonry?

35. History of the Skyscraper • Ancient structures were masonry designs in which the strength comes from brick walls • Towers like the Washington Monument (1884) could reach 555 feet • Human Pyramid: Too heavy!

36. History of the Skyscraper • Important inventions at the end of the 1900’s • Steel! • Electricity • ELEVATORS! • 1st skyscraper used a steel skeleton (frame) instead of brick walls: Reliance Building (1891) in Chicago

37. History of the Skyscraper • Today’s skyscraper’s have “skeletons” made of steel which carries all the weight • This had allowed us to to build exciting structures and allowed us to reach new heights Trans America Building San Francisco (1972) 853 ft

38. What does a steel frame building look like?

39. Beams

40. Columns

41. Frame

42. Skin, glass (cladding)

43. How Do We Build Them?

45. Can You Recognize Skyscrapers?

46. First National Bank Building Empire State Building Marina City Transamerica Building John Hancock Building World Trade Center Sears Tower Where are These Frame Structures?

47. The World's Tallest Buildings

48. K'nex Building Challenge • Only two teams • Represents steel frame structures • Create a beautiful, landmark structure • Maximize rent by having more stories and larger useable space to make the owner happy

49. K'nex Rules • Base must be no bigger than 15x30 cm (1 red x 2 red) • Must be able to connect to a K’nex board • Must be at least 2 m high • The height of a useable floor is at least 7.5 cm (blue)

50. Do masonry and steel frame buildings behave differently under earthquakes?