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In the new United States of America, a republic was formed.

I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126). Many states already had constitutions that embodied ideas such as separation of powers and a list of rights guaranteeing freedoms. In the new United States of America, a republic was formed.

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In the new United States of America, a republic was formed.

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  1. I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126) • Many states already had constitutions that embodied ideas such as separation of powers and a list of rights guaranteeing freedoms. • In the new United States of America, a republicwas formed. • In a republic power resides with a body of citizens who have the right to vote. • Elected leaders must govern according to a constitution.

  2. Voting and most other political rights were extended to white males only. The land-owner requirement was loosened in many states. I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126) • Thousands of enslaved African Americans in the north obtained their freedom during and after the war. • Many American leaders felt that enslaving people conflicted with the new views of liberty and equality.

  3. On March 2, 1781, American leaders created the Articles of Confederation (1A) which loosely organized the states under one governing body, the Confederation Congress. The states retained most of power. I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126) • Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could negotiate with other nations, raise armies, and declare war, but could not regulate trade or impose taxes (1B).

  4. I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126)

  5. I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126) • The Ordinance guaranteed freedom of religionand freedom from Slavery (1C) in the new territory. To raise money, Congress created the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, a plan for how states would be created in the lands west of the Appalachians and north of the Ohio River—the Northwest Territory. The Confederation Congress would sell the land and then govern it.

  6. I. The Young Nation (pages 125–126) Poor farmers were hit hard by the recession. In 1787 a bankrupt Massachusetts farmer named Daniel Shay led 1,200 followers in a protest of new taxes. Shay’s Rebellion (1D) illustrated the weaknesses of the Confederation Congress. People began to argue for a stronger central government.

  7. Additional Questions In what ways was the Confederation Congress ineffective? They could not control national trade or commerce and they could not enforce treaties.

  8. Additional Questions Chart Skills p. 126 Requiring a unanimous vote in order to create changes to the Articles made it virtually impossible to adapt to any changing needs. The states approved a government with so many weaknesses because they wanted to retain power.

  9. Additional Questions • The Northwest Ordinance created a plan for selling and then governing the lands of the Northwest Territory. • It spelled out how states would be created, and it guaranteed rights including freedom of religion and freedom from slavery. 3. What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?

  10. Additional Questions 4. Why did the Articles of Confederation set up a weak central government? • They had just ended the war with Britain and did not want a powerful central government that could become tyrannical.

  11. Review Assignment: Weaknesses of the Articles • List the provisions of the Articles from the chart on page 126 • Illustrate each provision listed • Summarize or illustrate the problems created by the provision

  12. Review Assignment: Weaknesses of the Articlesp.126

  13. Constitution Day • On September 17, 1787 the Constitution was ratified • The document that sets up our government is 230 years old • SO…how did we get to the Constitution??

  14. II. A New Constitution (pages 126–129) At the Constitutional Convention (2A) in 1787, 55 delegates went to Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. They threw them out and wrote a new framework of government.

  15. The Preamble to the Constitution • What is government? • What is the purpose of government • List 5 purposes that you think a government should have. Then explain why you think they are important

  16. What does the Preamble Say? • The Preamble explains who created the Constitution and the basic purposes of our government. • Video: School House Rock Preamble

  17. Preamble- what does it mean? • 1- We the People and establish this Constitution for the United States of America • 2- establish justice • 3- insure domestic tranquility • 4- provide for the common defense • 5- promote the general welfare • 6- secure the blessings of liberty

  18. As a group- discuss and answer: • What does the part mean? Give an example • Why is it important? • What does it have to do with protecting your rights and welfare?

  19. II. A New Constitution (pages 126–129) • The convention appointed a special committee to resolve differences between the large and small states. • The committee worked out the Great Compromise. (2B) • (Take Notes here) • It proposed that in the House of Representatives, the states would be represented according to the size of their populations. • The Senate would have equal representation.

  20. II. A New Constitution (pages 126–129) Take Notes Here • The Three-Fifths Compromise (2C) was a plan for counting enslaved people in a state. • Every five enslaved people in a state would count as three free persons for determining both representation and taxes.

  21. II. A New Constitution (pages 126–129) The Constitution was based on the principle of popular sovereignty, or rule by the people. The Constitution created a system of government called federalism. This divided the government between the federal, or national, government and the state governments.

  22. II. A New Constitution (pages 126–129) • The Constitution also provides for a system of checks and balances (2D) to prevent any one of the three branches from becoming too powerful. The Constitution provided for a separation of powersamong the three branches of government. houses of Congress. The executive branch enforces the laws. It is headed by a president. The judicial branch interprets federal laws. It is made up of a system of federal courts.

  23. II. A New Constitution (pages 126–129) Take Notes Here • The Constitution has a system for making amendments, or changes to the Constitution. There is a two-step process for amending the Constitution—proposal and ratification. • 2/3 of states needed to propose and amendment • 3/4 of states needed to ratify (pass amendments)

  24. Additional Questions 5. Why did the Constitution provide for a series of checks and balances? • To ensure that no one branch (or individual) could become too powerful

  25. Additional Questions 6. What compromises did the delegates reach during the convention? • Great compromise which included decisions about representation • 3/5 compromise which dealt with counting slaves 7. What is the Bill of Rights and what role did it play in the ratification of the Constitution? • First ten amendments to Const. guaranteeing certain rights and freedoms • Federalists had to agree to include it in the Const. in order to convince Anti-federalists to support ratification

  26. III. The Fight for Ratification (pages 129–131) On September 28, 1787, the Confederation Congress submitted the Constitution to the states for ratification, or approval. Nine of the 13 states had to approve it.

  27. Take notes here • People who supported the Constitution were Federalists. Many Federalists were interested in protecting their property and regulating trade. • Constitution opponents were called Anti-federalists (3A).They wanted a national government but were concerned about which would be supreme—the state governments or the national government.

  28. III. The Fight for Ratification (pages 129–131) • In order to get the Constitution ratified in Massachusetts, Federalists promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution once it was ratified • The Bill of Rights (3C), or the first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteed the freedoms of speech, press, and religion; protection from unreasonable searches and seizures; and the right to a trial by jury. Federalists organized their arguments in a collection of 85 essays called The Federalist (3B).

  29. III. The Fight for Ratification (pages 129–131) • George Washington (3D) was chosen as the first president under the new Constitution. Take Notes here: • In June of 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution (Delaware was the first). • New York and Virginia had not ratified it, however, and many feared the new government would not succeed without their support. Gradually, all 13 states ratified the Constitution.

  30. Additional Questions 8. Why was it important for Virginia and New York to ratify the Constitution, even after the required nine states had done so? • Being large, populous states the Framers felt that the republic would not succeed if they did not sign on to the new government.

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