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Meiosis and Human Genetics

Meiosis and Human Genetics. Outline of the day. Turn in your lab reports at the front More than 10 minutes late = bad Any questions on last week’s lab? Quiz Introduction to the lab Lab! Check out Get a stamp Make sure I mark you down for attendance. Quiz.

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Meiosis and Human Genetics

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  1. Meiosis and Human Genetics

  2. Outline of the day • Turn in your lab reports at the front • More than 10 minutes late = bad • Any questions on last week’s lab? • Quiz • Introduction to the lab • Lab! • Check out • Get a stamp • Make sure I mark you down for attendance

  3. Quiz • Ends 8 minutes after it’s started • Ends at: ____

  4. Lab this week! • Exploring genetics! • Mitosis and meiosis • How we grow and how genes get into gametes! • Reproduction! • A paper-and-pencil activity where we “create” kids! • Genetic traits • Looking at ourselves! • Sampling bacteria for next week

  5. Why do children look like their parents? • To answer this we’ll need to look at three things: • Where are genes? • How do animals grow? • How do animals produce gametes (sperm and eggs)?

  6. Our genes are on chromosomes • Chromosomes are big packets of DNA • Each chromosome has many genes on it • Segments of DNA that code for a protein PD image from: http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion/DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/chromosome.cfm?key=chromosome

  7. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes • Note: this is a karyotype – an image of the chromosomes in a cell PD image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png

  8. So what’s the deal with genes? • We have two copies (ALLELES) of each gene (one on each chromosome) • These copies can either be different or the same PD image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png

  9. Some sample genes / alleles • Cystic fibrosis: • F = normal allele (healthy) • f = diseased allele • normal allele is dominant • Flower color in snapdragons • R = red flower • r = white flower • incompletely dominant

  10. Mitosis: how cells divide

  11. Cell division Mitosis: One cell to two cells Missing image: Embryonic development series showing 1 cell to gastrulation Mitosis: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - from Wellcome images http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/ B0004174, B0004175, B0004176, B0004177, B0004178 Credit Benedict Campbell, Wellcome Images

  12. Homologous chromosomes Mitosis Allele One cell: • Each cell ends up with an identical set of chromosomes • i.e., One copy of each homologous chromosome Chromosomes replicate Sister chromatids One cell: Mitosis (cells divide) Two cells: Art by Marc Perkins

  13. OK, let’s do this ourselves • Let’s make some people! • Work through the first two steps of the handout • STOP when you get to meiosis

  14. How do we reproduce?

  15. Sperm and Egg Sperm fertilizing egg - from Wellcome images http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/ B0002107 Credit Yorgos Nikas, Wellcome Images Sperm and egg drawing - from Wellcome images http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/ N0027724 Credit Miles Kelly Art Library, Wellcome Images

  16. How do we create our gametes? • Meiosis! • Production of haploid cells from diploid cells • Haploid = 1 copy of each chromosome • Diploid = 2 copies of each chromosome

  17. Homologous chromosomes One cell: Meiosis Chromosomes replicate Sister chromatids One cell: First cell division Sister chromatids Two cells: Second cell division Four cells: Art by Marc Perkins

  18. OK, let’s now try all of this ourselves! Let’s make some people!

  19. Directions for agar plates Missing text: Description of what to do with the agar plates.

  20. Before you leave • Clean up your work area • Show me your lab report so I can stamp it • Need to have all data fields filled in • Complete at home and then turn in at the beginning of next lab • Remember that we’ll have a quiz at the beginning of the next class • 6-7 questions on today’s lab • 3-4 questions on the lab we’ll do next week

  21. Notes for the instructor: • I replaced the lab in the lab manual with one of my own design for this topic. My lab focused on walking students through mitosis and meiosis with paper models of chromosomes, and then using this modeling to introduce genetics (e.g., Punnett squares). Contact me if you’re interested in seeing this lab. • Add any relevant cleanup instructions to the final slide (that slide is a generic one I’m adding to each presentation).

  22. License information • This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. • The slides in this presentation were originally created by Marc C. Perkins (http://faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/mperkins). • You are free to use, modify, and distribute these slides according to the terms of the Creative Commons license (e.g., you must attribute the slides, no commercial uses are allowed, and future distributions must be licensed under a similar license). • Attribution should be given to Marc C. Perkins (and any later editors), including a link back to Marc’s current website. This applies both while distributing the slides and during use of the slides; attribution during use can be satisfied by, for instance, placing small text on at least one of the slides that has been shown (see below for an example). Slides in this presentation based on those created by Marc C. Perkins. http://faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/mperkins

  23. History • August 2007: Marc Perkins released first version. http://faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/mperkins (If you modify these slides and redistribute them, add your information to the list)

  24. Home-made mitosis and meiosis figures

  25. Homologous chromosomes One cell: Meiosis Chromosomes replicate Sister chromatids One cell: First cell division Sister chromatids Two cells: Second cell division Four cells: Art by Marc Perkins

  26. Homologous chromosomes Meiosis One cell: Chromosomes replicate Sister chromatids One cell: First cell division Two cells: Sister chromatids Second cell division Four cells: Art by Marc Perkins

  27. Homologous chromosomes Mitosis Allele One cell: • Each cell ends up with with an identical set of chromosomes • i.e., One copy of each homologus chromosome Chromosomes replicate Sister chromatids One cell: Mitosis (cells divide) Two cells: Art by Marc Perkins

  28. Extra Images

  29. Chromosome PD image from: http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion/DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/chromosome.cfm?key=chromosome

  30. Human karyotype PD image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png

  31. Human karyotype CC attribution image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg

  32. Human karyotype PD image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sky_spectral_karyotype.gif

  33. Mitosis GFDL image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromosomes_during_mitosis.svg

  34. Mitosis GFDL image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromosomes_during_mitosis.svg

  35. Mitosis PD image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MajorEventsInMitosis.jpg

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