MODERN CHINA

1. FROM MAO TO THE PRESENT MODERN CHINA Mr. Fabian/Mr. May Southmoreland High School World History

2. “The People’s Republic of China” Section 1 Mao Zedong

3. Communist Victory • The United States backed Chaing Kai-shek and the Nationalist forces. • Mao Zedong led the Communists to victory. • 1949 Mao announced the birth of the People’s Republic of China • Chaing retreated to Taiwan and vowed to regain control of China.

4. Communist Victory (Continued) • Communism appealed to China’s poor. • Promises of industrialization and power for the people. • Mao Zedong’s ideas about class struggle came from the writings of Karl Marx. • Claimed the industrial working class would rise up against the ruling class.

5. Creating a New Order • China became a one-party dictatorship. • Communist party members held all the important jobs and controlled the government and the economy. • Mao became the Chairman of the People’s Republic of China, a totalitarian state.

6. Creating a New Order (Continued) • Mao Zedong became a popular hero through the use of propaganda. • The people were taught that Chairman Mao had all the answers. • Written in his Quotations From Chairman Mao, or Little Red Book • Under Mao, China restored order and ended foreign influence. • Increased food production to increase protection from famine. • Built new schools and extended basic health care services.

7. New Directions • Mao died in 1976, after his there was a bitter power struggle and in the late 1970’s Deng Xiaoping came to power. • Deng moved away from some of Mao’s ideas, most notably his economic policy. • Deng’s moderate policies prompted many to look for more democratic ideas. • Many students and better-educated Chinese organized huge rallies seeking additional freedoms. • June 1989, Tiananmen Square in Beijing. • Thousands of students were killed or wounded by the gov’t.

8. “Economic Development” Section 2 Shanghai Hong Kong

9. Main Ideas • Under Mao, the government ended private ownership of land and businesses. • People worked on government owned farms, businesses, and factories. • After Mao’s death, China’s new leader Deng Xiaoping led the country from isolation to an open door trading policy. Revolutionary Goals 3 Main Goals for China’s Communist Revolution: 1) Better life for the poor. 2) Development of modern economy. 3) Restore China’s position as a major world power.

10. Reorganizing Agriculture • In the 1950s the government ended private ownership of land altogether as large landowners faced stiff punishments for past mistreatment of the poor. • Peasants were forced to pool their money and equipment together to form collective farms. • The Great Leap Forward- was a program presented to call on the Chinese to make a superhuman effort to modernize in one “Great Leap Forward.”

11. The Great Leap Forward • During this program Mao divided China into communes. • An average commune would include up to 20,000 people plus the land and housing in that area. • Families were split up and sent to live in separate dormitories. • In reality, the Great Leap Forward was a disaster because most peasants resented the commune system and the result was a drop in food production. • Many blamed Chairman Mao Zedong.

12. Cultural Revolution • The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was created by Mao as a way for China’s new generation to experience revolution first hand. • The Cultural Revolution emphasized the struggle between classes and encouraged the young people or “Red Guard” to root out capitalist followers. • There were public “struggle” meetings in which people were forced to admit their crimes against Mao and sentenced to do manual labor.

13. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • The lives of millions of young people had been interrupted as the nation fell into chaos. When the Army restored order, many were tortured, imprisoned, or killed. • These factors led to a large percentage of that Chinese generation not finishing school or believing in their hero Mao Zedong.

14. Change • After Mao Zedong’s death in 1976, there was a fierce power struggle between the “Gang of Four” which included Mao’s widow which favored many radical policies of the Cultural Revolution and many moderates who would eventually win.

15. Deng Xiaoping • By 1978 Deng Xiaoping would emerge as the leader of Communist China. Although he shared many beliefs with Mao, he emphasized economic reform to lead China to wealth and power.

16. Deng named his economic program the Four Modernizations • 1) Modernize agriculture. • 2) Expand industry. • 3) Develop science and technology. • 4) Upgrade China’s defense forces.

17. Deng Reforms (Continued) • Deng was also responsible for moving Chinese factories away from heavy industry like mining and weapons to consumer goods…resulting in increased profits. • China also began to shed its cloak of isolationism, worn for thousands of years, during Deng’s years of rule.

18. Images From Tiananmen Square

19. Images From Tiananmen Square Students Overrun the Square “The Goddess of Democracy”

20. “Changing Patterns of Life” Section 3 In China today, it takes more than good grades to get into college. One must come from a good communist family. In the years after the communist revolution, traditional Chinese values were replaced with communist views.Instead of emphasizing family values, communism stressed loyalty to China.China’s new heroes were not great philosophers but workers. Even traditional fairytales were rewritten to teach the value of physical labor.

21. Social Changes • Communism is founded on a classless society in which everyone was equal. • the government outlawed private property. • in reality, communism led to a new elite class. • Communist party members and leaders of the People’s Liberation Army enjoyed many perks. • Meanwhile, rural China dug deeper and deeper into debt.

22. Family Life • Traditions • Communism weakened the influence of family in China. • Confucian teaching was frowned upon. • The government took over gravesites for more farmland on communes. • Families were forbidden to practice traditional burial practices. • Even having a family tree was considered a crime.

23. Family Life (continued) • Family Size • China’s enormous population is a threat to its modernization. • marriage has been delayed until the late twenties. • China has adopted a one child per family policy. • the program is enforced with a series of penalties and rewards. • families with more than one child are fined. • food rations are limited for those with multi-child families.

24. Family Life(continued) • A Changing Role for Women • Chinese women today are increasingly independent. • They may keep their names, hold high level government jobs, etc. • Gender equality exists in elementary school but higher education is still male dominated.

25. Education and Technology • China’s government has emphasized the need for literacy. • Mandarin Chinese has become the official language. • its character count has been reduced from 3000 to 2000. • Students must take competitive exams to be placed in colleges and universities. • Science and Technology have an important place in China’s history. • The Chinese stress the practical use of science in everyday life.

26. “China And The World” Section 4 Since 1949 China has moved from an isolated state to a major player in the global economy. Because of its size, resources, and rapidly developing economy, China has emerged as a major power among nations of the Pacific Rim and in the world.

27. Relations With the Soviet Union • The Soviet Union provided weapons to the Chinese and helped with loans and technical advice. The relationship was a trying one. Mao and the Soviet leaders disagreed greatly, leading to a bitter rivalry in Asia between the two communist states. • Eventually, the tension eased, but the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a major concern to China. Democratic ideas ran rampant in the former USSR, China’s leaders feared the ideas would spread across the border.

28. Ties With the West • Mao followed Cold War thinking and called for the overthrow of capitalism. • Mao’s control of China caused concern in the West. • Led by the US, western countries worked to isolate China. • They hoped to weaken China by isolating it. • The United Nations refused to recognize China until 1971. • President Nixon visited China in 1972 and set up trading ties. • In 1979 the US finally officially recognized the People’s Republic of China.

29. China and the Pacific Rim • Hong Kong • Controlled by the British since the Opium Wars in 1839. • The British practiced capitalism in Hong Kong, many were wealthy. • In 1997 China regained control of Hong Kong. • The government promised not to change the economy for 50 years. • Many fear that the gov’t will change the way of life in the province.

30. China and the Pacific Rim (continued) • Japan • The Empire of Japan invaded China in the 1930s and ‘40s. • Reminders cause bitter memories for many Chinese. • Japan provided China access to advanced science and technology. • China provides much needed natural resources to the islands of Japan.

31. China and the Pacific Rim (continued) • Taiwan • Since 1949 Taiwan has feared invasion by the mainland. • Economic ties have lessened the fear for both countries. • Taiwan previously prospered due to aide from the United States. • Both sides are quietly working to increase ties behind the scenes.