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The Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties. Get Started! 10/29. You need the three items from the front table. Complete the question on your “Roaring Twenties notes sheet” – what do you know about the Roaring Twenties already? . The “Roaring Twenties”. World War I is over

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The Roaring Twenties

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  1. The Roaring Twenties

  2. Get Started! 10/29 • You need the three items from the front table. • Complete the question on your “Roaring Twenties notes sheet” – what do you know about the Roaring Twenties already?

  3. The “Roaring Twenties” • World War I is over • President Harding is elected on the platform “return to normalcy” • The Roaring Twenties will be characterized by: • Major changes in society • Clash of values • Rise in consumer culture

  4. The Red Scare • Communist Revolution in Russia - 1917 • People are afraid Communists will start to expand • Wave of strikes in 1919 • People are afraid Communists are trying to start a revolution in the U.S. • The “general strike” was a tactic used in Europe by many communist groups. • Many Americans begin to associate communism with being unpatriotic and disloyal. • Communists = “reds”

  5. The Red Scare • Red Scare: nationwide panic that Communists were trying to take over country in 1919 • Mayor of Seattle: communists want to “take possession of our American government and try to duplicate the anarchy of Russia.”

  6. The Red Scare • Bombs intercepted through U.S. mail • Bomb explodes at home of U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer • People believe bombings were work of Communists

  7. The Palmer Raids • Palmer establishes a special division within justice department (later Federal Bureau of Investigation) • Led by J. Edgar Hoover • Series of raids of radical organizations • No evidence that pointed to a single group • Focus: foreigners and immigrants • Hundreds detained without trial and deported.

  8. The Palmer Raids • Civil liberties? • Officers entered homes and offices without search warrants • People jailed for indefinite periods of time • People not allowed to talk to attorneys • At first – Palmer seen as a national hero • But then his popularity fades as raids turn up no hard evidence of a conspiracy

  9. Effects of Red Scare and Palmer Raids • People linked communism, anarchy with immigrants • Many Americans want Congress to limit immigration

  10. Nativism Resurges • Nativism: • During World War I, immigration had dropped. • By 1921, it had returned to pre-war levels. • Most from southern and eastern Europe • Americans see immigrants as a threat to stability and order. • Men are coming back from war – immigrants seem to be taking their jobs.

  11. The Sacco and Vanzetti Case • Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti: Italian immigrants and anarchists

  12. Pseudo-Scientific Racism • Eugenics: pseudo-science that deals with improving hereditary traits • People argued for superior American genes • Keep undesirable traits out

  13. Ku Klux Klan • Terrorist group – reorganizes in 1920s, 4 million members • Members: white, Protestant, “Americans” • Targets: African-Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews

  14. Controlling Immigration • Nativists: “Keep America American” • Even businesses started to fear immigrants (as opposed to before when they saw them as cheap labor) • Emergency Quota Act – 1921 • Temporary quota system limiting immigration • 3% of total number of people in any ethnic group already living in U.S. could be admitted in a single year. • Ethnic identity and national origin determined admission to U.S.

  15. “The hardest quota cases were those that separated families. When part of the family had been born in a country with a quota still open, while the other part had been born in a country whose quota was exhausted, the law let in the first part and deported the other part. Mothers were torn from children, husbands from wives. The law came down like a sword between them.” Henry Curran, commissioner of Ellis Island

  16. Limiting Immigration • National Origins Act of 1924 • Made immigration restriction a permanent policy • Tightened quota system – 2% • Immigration limits reduced labor pool • Wave of Mexican immigration to fill labor openings, especially in agriculture • National Origins Act exempted natives of Western Hemisphere from quota system

  17. On a sheet of paper • Use the following words and write a sentence summarizing what you learned today. • Red Scare • Immigration • Ku Klux Klan • Nativism • Communism

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