Cell Organelles

1. Cell Organelles Chapter 7 – Section 3

2. Organelles • Eukaryotic cells containorganellesthat allow the specialization and the separation of functions within the cell.

3. Plant Cell Animal Cell

4. Cell Boundaries • Plasma Membrane (all cells) – semi-permeable membrane • Cell Wall – in Plant Cells • Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria have this additional boundary • Located outside the plasma membrane • Provides additional support and protection (cellulose) • Allows molecules to pass through (no selection)

5. Cytoplasm • Clear, jelly-like fluid that supports the cell • Site of chemical reactions • Houses all of the other organelles

6. Cytoskeleton • Organelles don’t float freely in a cell. • They are supported by structures in the cytoplasm – thecytoskeleton. • The cytoskeleton is a network of long, thin protein fibers • Provides a framework for the cell • Provides anchorage for organelles • Made of microtubules and microfilaments

7. Cytoskeleton • Provides structure and support • Works like poles of a tent • Assists organelles in moving around the cell

8. Microtubules and Microfilaments of the Cytoskeleton • Microtubules – long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell. • Microfilaments – thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the cell and its parts to move.

10. Nucleus Contains DNA which stores information for making proteins for cell growth, function, and reproduction. • Nuclear Envelope – the membrane surrounding the nucleus. It’s similar to the plasma membrane. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Makes ribosomes

11. Ribosomes • Are made in the nucleolus. • Found bound to rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm. • No membrane • Site of protein synthesis (protein assembly) according to directions from the nucleus.

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Highly folded membranes suspended in the cytoplasm • Site of protein synthesis and lipid synthesis 2 Types: • Rough ER – area on ER where ribosomes attach, make and transport proteins (cellular highway). • Smooth ER – area where no ribosomes are attached, makes lipids (like phospholipids, for example), transports proteins, breaks down harmful substances (liver cells).

14. Golgi Apparatus • Flattened system of tubular membranes • Modifies proteins by attaching carbohydrates and lipids • Sends proteins to the plasma membrane in packages called vesicles to be exported outside the cell. • “Post-Office”

15. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes to break-down worn-out organelles, food particles, viruses, and bacteria • Can fuse with vacuoles to digest the contents • Found only in animal cells • “Clean-up crew” of the cell

16. Centrioles • Animal cells only • Made of microtubules • Function during cell division. • More about these in Chapter 9.

17. Mitochondria • “Powerhouse” – energy-generator for the cell • In plant and animal cells • Converts fuel particles (in the form of sugars) to energy

18. Chloroplasts • Only in plant cells • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Site of photosynthesis – captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy the plant cell can use

19. Vacuoles • Sac-like structure • Plant cells contain one large one • Animal cells usually don’t contain vacuoles but if they do, they are small. • For temporary storage of water, food, enzymes and/or wastes.

20. Cilia • Short, hair-like fibers (protein based) that move in a wave-like motion to propel (move) the cell or materials along surface of cell paramecium Tracheal cells (#3 is mucous particle)

21. Flagella • Long, whip-like projections that propel the cell • Protein based

22. Time to Review!

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24. 9. 1. 10. 2. 3. 4. 11. 5. 12. 6. 13. 7. 14. 8.