Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Licit and Illicit Drug Use

2. Defining Addictions • patterned use and dependency on mind or mood altering substances • interferes with academic/work • family • interpersonal relationships • social/economic functioning • physical/mental health

3. The Physiology of Addiction- mental, emotional, and Behavioural function occur due to biochemical reactions between nerve cells and thebody • Neurotransmitters - biochemical messengers that exert influence at specific receptor cites on nerve cells • drugs can alter these cites - change moods / fill insufficient amounts • Tolerance - over time needing greater amounts of substance

4. The Addictive Process • avoid unpleasant feeling or situation • nurturing through avoidance • coping skills not developed • addiction increases • relationships deteriorate

5. Signs of AddictionFour Common Symptoms Compulsion / Obsession excessive preoccupation with the behaviour / overwhelming need to perform it Loss of Control - inability to predict consequences of behaviour as healthy or damaging Negative Consequences - physical damage, legal trouble, financial, academic failure Denial - inability to perceive behaviour is self-destructive

6. Types of Drugsstimulate / depress / hallucinate • prescription drugs • OCT preparations • recreational substances • herbal preparations • illicit drugs Psychoactive drugs • Mood / behaviour altering

7. Routes Of Administration of Drugs …how the drug is taken into the body • Oral Injestion - mouth • Injection - hupodermic needle • Intravenous injection - vein • Intramuscular injection - muscles • Subcutanious injection- fat below skin

8. Routes Of Administration of Drugs …how the drug is taken into the body • Inhalation - nostrils • Suppositories - inserted into anus or vagina - melt at body temp. • Inunction - through skin

9. Drug Use, Abuse, and Interactions • drug misuse - using drug for other reasons than intended • drug abuse - excessive use • Environmental factors- main-effect & side-effect • Set and Setting

10. Individual Response to Psychoactive DrugsSET & SETTING • Set - how the person thinks……. Mindset - while under the influence • physical, emotional and social factors / work together or against to influence the drug’s effect • Setting - external factors / drug taken in a quiet place vs. a loud party

11. Drug Interactions • Polydrug use - multiple medication / illicit drugs - simultaneously • Synergism - two or more drugs taken….produce different effect • Antagonism - two or more drugs working on same receptor site

12. Drug Interactions • Inhibition - drugs compete for same receptor site / reduce effectiveness of each one • Intolerance - two or more drugs produce uncomfortable symptoms • Cross - tolerance - developed tolerance to one drug that reduces effectiveness of similar drug

13. Prescription DrugsTypes • Antibiotics - fight bacteria / infections • Analgesics - pain relievers • Prostaglandin inhibitors - inhibit production & release / associated with pain from arthritis+ menstruation • Sedatives - CNS - Induces sleep / reduces anxiety

14. Prescription DrugsTypes!!! • Tranquilizers - CNS depressants / relax body + calm anxiety • Antidepressants - used to treat clinically diagnosed depression • Amphetamines - stimulants / associated dangers • Rebound effects - withdrawal from stimulants / serious / depression, nausea, violence • Generic Drugs - chemical names not brand names

15. Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs Nonprescription Drugs • self-diagnoses / self-treatment • Safe? Abuse? Harmful!!!!!! Types: • Analgesic / pain killers / use common + wide spread • Cold, Cough, Allergy, and Asthma Relievers - Don’t cure / reduce symptoms • Stimulants - used to keep awake! All night paper writing - students

16. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs • Sleeping Aids and Relaxants - induce sleepy/ drowsy feeling • Dieting Aids - “appetite suppressant” - a stimulant which can be dangerous • Sympathomimetics - induce stress reaction

17. Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs Laxatives - softens stool + relieves constipation • use for weight loss / ineffective Diuretics - promotes increased urination - for weight loss ineffective / water replenished and creates chemical imbalances

18. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell • Although illegal widely used and remains a problem in Canada • Controlled Substances • Cocaine - powerful stimulant - leaves from South American Shrub -3.8% casual use 1.4% regular in Canada • Effects……. • Serious results to physical, mental and social health

19. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell • Amphetamines - addictive stimulant that improve alertness, lessen fatigue and improve mood • Marijuana - chopped leaves + flowers from cannabis - heightens reactions to environmental stimuli

20. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell • Hashish - thick / sticky resin from cannabis plant • Marijuana and Medicine - used to reduce nausea in cancer patients and to reduce eye pressure for glaucoma

21. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell • opiates • narcotics (Greek for Stupor) are derived from the parent drug opium • opium - made from milky juice of poppy seeds • morphine - pain reliever • codeine - found in cough medicine and painkillers

22. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell • Heroin - illegally manufactured from morphine / injected into blood stream • Methadone Maintenance -treatment for people addicted to opiates - synthetically produced

23. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell Psychedelics - distort sensory information Reticular formation - relay information to other parts of the brain Synesthesia - sensory messages are misinterpreted Hallucinations - images perceived as real but are not

24. Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) - causes sensory disruptions - “ACID” • Mescaline - hallucinogenic drug • Peyote - cactus / has parts that create hallucinogenic effects • Psilocybin - chemical in mushroom causes hallucinogenic effects

25. Designer Drugs - Synthetically produced drug / Similar effects to Illicit Drugs Manufactured by underground chemists Three types available analogues • phencyclidine (PCP) • amphetamine • methamphetamine

26. Inhalants - sniffed or inhaled Amyl Nitrate - “poppers or rush” • a vasodilator - used to enhance orgasm / fainting, dizziness, warmth, skin flushing Nitrous Oxide - “laughing gas” creates a state of euphoria / floating / illusions • overdose - unconsciousness, coma or death

27. Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone / promotes muscle growth + strength • Ergogenic aid • Athletic performance • Recreational use widespread to look a certain way- BIG! • Adverse effects - mood swings (“roid rage”), acne, liver tumors, higher cholesterol levels, hypertension,kidney disease, immune system weakening • HIV - shared needles!!!

28. Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone / promotes muscle growth + strength • Women - masculine traits / lowered voice, increased facial + body hair , male pattern baldness, enlarged clitoris, decreased breast size, changes to menstrual cycle

29. Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone / promotes muscle growth + strength • Men - shuts down body’s natural production of testosterone • develop breasts • testicles atrophy • Is it Worth it????

30. Drugs: Are They Worth IT? • The impact to society is devastating!!!!! • Crime • Relationships • School / Work • Lifestyle • Health • Fun • Denial • What is the REAL problem??