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1. -Show discovering psychology episode 16 Testing and Intelligence-Show discovering psychology episode 16 Testing and Intelligence
2. What Do You Consider Intelligence?
4. Defining Intelligence Mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments
i.e., the global capacity to perform effectively and efficiently in the environment
Abilities involved
Profit from experience
Solve problems
Reason effectively
Meet challenges and achieve goals
5. Defining Intelligence Culture Differences Western cultures view intelligence as a means for individuals to devise categories and to engage in rational debate.
Eastern cultures see it as a way for members of a community to recognize contradiction and complexity and to play their social roles successfully.
6. Defining Intelligence Artificial Intelligence The Turing test
Used to refer to a proposal made by Turing (1950) as a way of dealing with the question whether machines can think
Can an observer who has a conversation with a computer and a human figure out which conversationalist is the computer?
Computer passes Turing test if the person cannot tell which is the human. -As of 2006, no computer has passed the Turing test as such. Simple conversational programs such as ELIZA have fooled people into believing they are talking to another human being, such as in an informal experiment termed AOLiza. However, such "successes" are not the same as a Turing Test. Most obviously, the human party in the conversation has no reason to suspect they are talking to anything other than a human, whereas in a real Turing test the questioner is actively trying to determine the nature of the entity they are chatting with.
-By extrapolating an exponential growth of technology over several decades, futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted that Turing-capable computers would be manufactured around the year 2020, roughly speaking. -As of 2006, no computer has passed the Turing test as such. Simple conversational programs such as ELIZA have fooled people into believing they are talking to another human being, such as in an informal experiment termed AOLiza. However, such "successes" are not the same as a Turing Test. Most obviously, the human party in the conversation has no reason to suspect they are talking to anything other than a human, whereas in a real Turing test the questioner is actively trying to determine the nature of the entity they are chatting with.
-By extrapolating an exponential growth of technology over several decades, futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted that Turing-capable computers would be manufactured around the year 2020, roughly speaking.
7. Things to keep in mind when testing intelligence 1. Testing must allow us to recognize those who might benefit from early intervention.
2. We must be careful that intelligence test scores do not become a literal measure of a persons worth or fixed potential.
3. Intelligence test scores only reflect one aspect of personal competence.
8. Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing Francis Galton -He assumed that high eminence or reputation indicated high intelligence.
-He measured the frequency of eminence among children of
illustrious parents (judges, statesmen, commanders, literary
men, scientists, poets, musicians, painters, and divines) and
children of the general population.
-In Hereditary Genius he concluded the offspring of illustrious
individuals were far more likely to be illustrious than the
offspring of the general population.
-However, zeal and vigor must be coupled with an
inherited capacity before eminence can be attained.-He assumed that high eminence or reputation indicated high intelligence.
-He measured the frequency of eminence among children of
illustrious parents (judges, statesmen, commanders, literary
men, scientists, poets, musicians, painters, and divines) and
children of the general population.
-In Hereditary Genius he concluded the offspring of illustrious
individuals were far more likely to be illustrious than the
offspring of the general population.
-However, zeal and vigor must be coupled with an
inherited capacity before eminence can be attained.
9. If intelligence is inherited, then could the general intelligence of a people be improved by allowing the brightest people to mate and discouraging the mating of people who were less bright?
Eugenics: The use of selective breeding to increase the general intelligence of the population.
Government should pay smart people to have kids
Government should pay for educating these kids.
Idea eventually evolved into sterilization laws
Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing Francis Galton -I propose to show in this book that a mans natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world. Consequently, as it is easy, notwithstanding those limitations, to obtain by careful selection a permanent breed of dogs or horses gifted with peculiar powers of running, or of doing anything else, so it would be quite practicable to produce a highly-gifted race of men by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations. I shall show that social agencies of an ordinary character, whose influences are little suspected, are at this moment working towards the degradation of human nature, and that others are working towards its improvement. I conclude that each generation has enormous power over the natural gifts of those that follow, and maintain that it is a duty we owe to humanity to investigate the range of that power, and to exercise it in a way that, without being unwise towards ourselves, shall be most advantageous to future inhabitants of the earth.
-Eugenics reminds me of a line from Jurassic Park, just because you can doesnt mean you should.-I propose to show in this book that a mans natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world. Consequently, as it is easy, notwithstanding those limitations, to obtain by careful selection a permanent breed of dogs or horses gifted with peculiar powers of running, or of doing anything else, so it would be quite practicable to produce a highly-gifted race of men by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations. I shall show that social agencies of an ordinary character, whose influences are little suspected, are at this moment working towards the degradation of human nature, and that others are working towards its improvement. I conclude that each generation has enormous power over the natural gifts of those that follow, and maintain that it is a duty we owe to humanity to investigate the range of that power, and to exercise it in a way that, without being unwise towards ourselves, shall be most advantageous to future inhabitants of the earth.
-Eugenics reminds me of a line from Jurassic Park, just because you can doesnt mean you should.
10. Intelligence Testing after Galton James McKeen Cattell -In 1901, Clark Wisler, one of Cattells graduate students, used the newly created Pearsons R to calculate correlations and found that intercorrelations among the 50 tests scores was terrible and they did not correlate with college success.
-Cattells measures were not reliable or valid.
-Wisler switched to Anthropology, Cattell shifted his emphasis in
psychology.-In 1901, Clark Wisler, one of Cattells graduate students, used the newly created Pearsons R to calculate correlations and found that intercorrelations among the 50 tests scores was terrible and they did not correlate with college success.
-Cattells measures were not reliable or valid.
-Wisler switched to Anthropology, Cattell shifted his emphasis in
psychology.
11. Intelligence Testing after Galton James McKeen Cattell -Discuss the information from the article Mental Tests and Measurements-Discuss the information from the article Mental Tests and Measurements
12. Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon Children learn at different rates based on differential ability.
Certain mental abilities are typical of normal children at each chronological age.
Believed a test could be used to predict these typical, below typical and above typical behaviors.
Built test on these beliefs
from age 5-16 there are 6 questions for every six month period (each one correct gives you one month mental years)
Tap specific abilities characteristic of that age level. -In France at the turn of the century, elementary education became mandatory.
-Since the government was reluctant to trust teachers subjective judgments of childrens learning potential, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon were hired to devise a test which would predict academic performance.
-In France at the turn of the century, elementary education became mandatory.
-Since the government was reluctant to trust teachers subjective judgments of childrens learning potential, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon were hired to devise a test which would predict academic performance.
13. Intelligence Testing after Galton Alfred Binet Assessing Intellectual Deficiency Began directing the doctoral research of Theodore Simon (1899).
Binet and Simon appointed to a group the French government established to study the problem of children with retardation in French schools.
Isolated clearly normal and clearly retarded samples and tested each in a variety of ways looking for distinctive differences. -Simon, Theodore (1873-1961) Collaborated with Binet to develop the first test designed to directly measure intelligence.
-France was seeing a surge of children coming into the city schools from the country.
-The big problem was finding a way to objectively categorize
learning problems.
-Many country children were not smart, but only from a lack of
experience, not a true mental deficiency.
-Blind and deaf kids were mistakenly labeled as retarded.
-Simon, Theodore (1873-1961) Collaborated with Binet to develop the first test designed to directly measure intelligence.
-France was seeing a surge of children coming into the city schools from the country.
-The big problem was finding a way to objectively categorize
learning problems.
-Many country children were not smart, but only from a lack of
experience, not a true mental deficiency.
-Blind and deaf kids were mistakenly labeled as retarded.
14. Intelligence Testing after Galton Alfred Binet The 1905 Binet-Simon scale Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence: The scale Binet and Simon devised to directly measure the various cognitive abilities they believed intelligence comprised. The scale first appeared in 1905 and was revised in 1908 and in 1911.
Thirty tests arranged in order of difficulty, three measuring motor development, 27 measuring cognitive abilities. -The test was offered as a valid way to distinguish between normal children and children with mental deficiencies.
-Tests 1-6
-Almost all normal two-year-olds could pass
-Children with slight retardation could pass most
-Children with sever retardation could pass only a few
-Tests 7-15 could be passed by most normal 2-5 year-olds.
-Children with severe retardation could rarely pass any.
-Tests 16-30 could be passed by most normal 5-12 year old children.
-Children with even slight retardation had difficulty with all of them
-The test was offered as a valid way to distinguish between normal children and children with mental deficiencies.
-Tests 1-6
-Almost all normal two-year-olds could pass
-Children with slight retardation could pass most
-Children with sever retardation could pass only a few
-Tests 7-15 could be passed by most normal 2-5 year-olds.
-Children with severe retardation could rarely pass any.
-Tests 16-30 could be passed by most normal 5-12 year old children.
-Children with even slight retardation had difficulty with all of them
15. Intelligence Testing after Galton Alfred Binet The 1908 and 1911 Revisions Wanted to go beyond simply identifying normal and retarded children to distinguish levels of intelligence for normal children.
Tests administered to a large number of normal children.
If 75% of an age group passed a test, it was assigned to that age group.
Created notion of intellectual age
Children whos intellectual age was one year behind their chronological age should have no problems. -Even a low intellectual age did not necessarily imply a problem.
-The test-taker must be healthy, motivated, and fluent enough in
French culture.
-Even a low intellectual age did not necessarily imply a problem.
-The test-taker must be healthy, motivated, and fluent enough in
French culture.
16. Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing IQ Binet believed that children scoring low could benefit from special education.
Inheritance may set an upper limit on intelligence, but everyone can grow. intellectually if properly stimulated.
No teacher should view intelligence as entirely nativistic or they will give up on dumb kids.
Intelligence composed of MANY capacities. -A more recent experiment advised teachers that half of their students were ready to bloom academically.
-The half was random.
-At the end of the experiment, these students performed better.
-Self-fulfilling prophecies.
-I have often observed, to my regret, that a widespread prejudice exists with regard to the educability of intelligence. The familiar proverb When one is stupid, it is for a long time, seems to be accepted indiscriminately by teachers with a stunted critical judgment. These teachers lose interest in students with low intelligence. Their lack of sympathy and respect is illustrated by their unrestrained comments in the presence of children: This child will never achieve anything.He is poorly endowed.He is not intelligent at all. I have heard such rash statements too often. They are repeated daily in primary schools, nor are secondary schools exempt from the charge.-A more recent experiment advised teachers that half of their students were ready to bloom academically.
-The half was random.
-At the end of the experiment, these students performed better.
-Self-fulfilling prophecies.
-I have often observed, to my regret, that a widespread prejudice exists with regard to the educability of intelligence. The familiar proverb When one is stupid, it is for a long time, seems to be accepted indiscriminately by teachers with a stunted critical judgment. These teachers lose interest in students with low intelligence. Their lack of sympathy and respect is illustrated by their unrestrained comments in the presence of children: This child will never achieve anything.He is poorly endowed.He is not intelligent at all. I have heard such rash statements too often. They are repeated daily in primary schools, nor are secondary schools exempt from the charge.
17. Intelligence Testing after Galton Alfred Binet Mental Orthopedics Mental Orthopedics: The exercises that Binet suggested for enhancing determination, attention, and discipline. These procedures would prepare a child for formal education.
Good to prepare disadvantaged children for school.
18. Intelligence Testing after Galton Alfred Binet The Intelligence Quotient Mental Age: According to William Stern, a composite score reflecting all the levels of the Binet-Simon test that a child could successfully pass.
Intelligence Quotient: (IQ) Stern's suggested procedure for quantifying intelligence. The intelligence quotient is calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age. -Stern, William (1871-1938) Coined the term mental age and suggested the intelligence quotient as a way of quantifying intelligence.
-Binet objected to the use of the intelligence quotient because intelligence was too complicated to be reduced to a single number.-Stern, William (1871-1938) Coined the term mental age and suggested the intelligence quotient as a way of quantifying intelligence.
-Binet objected to the use of the intelligence quotient because intelligence was too complicated to be reduced to a single number.
19. Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing IQ Mental Age
Chronological age typical of a given level of performance.
Child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
20. Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing Normal Curve
21. The Binet-Simon Scale in the U. S. Lewis Madison Terman -Terman, Lewis Madison (1877-1956) Revised Binet's test of intelligence, making it more compatible with U.S. culture. Terman, along with Goddard and Yerkes, was instrumental in creating the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. He also conducted a longitudinal study of gifted children and found that, contrary to the belief at the time, gifted children tended to become healthy, gifted adults.
-For his dissertation, Terman isolated a group of bright and dull students and attempted to find which types of tests could differentiate between them.
-He was unaware of Binet and Simons very similar work.
-Terman, Lewis Madison (1877-1956) Revised Binet's test of intelligence, making it more compatible with U.S. culture. Terman, along with Goddard and Yerkes, was instrumental in creating the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. He also conducted a longitudinal study of gifted children and found that, contrary to the belief at the time, gifted children tended to become healthy, gifted adults.
-For his dissertation, Terman isolated a group of bright and dull students and attempted to find which types of tests could differentiate between them.
-He was unaware of Binet and Simons very similar work.
22. The Binet-Simon Scale in the U. S. Lewis Madison Terman The Stanford-Binet Tests The Binet scale was inappropriate for use with American children.
Had to delete some items and add others to make the average IQ reach 100 regardless of age.
Stanford-Binet published in 1916, revised in 1937 and 1960
Made Terman rich and famous
He bought rights to translate the Binet-Simon scale into English for $1
23. Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing IQ Stanford-Binet
Lewis Terman from Stanford University tried to use Binets test but found it inappropriate for American children.
Ironically, he used the test, normed on rich kids, to measure the intelligence of poor kids.
The widely used American revision of Binets original intelligence test.
24. The Binet-Simon Scale in the U. S. Lewis Madison Terman Inheritance of Intelligence Intelligence was largely inherited.
Low intelligence is the cause of most criminal and antisocial behavior
A stupid person could not be a moral person
There is nothing about an individual as important as his IQ, except possibly his morals. -Not all criminals are feeble-minded, but all feeble-minded persons are at least potential criminals. That every feeble-minded woman is a potential prostitute would hardly be disputed by anyone. Moral judgment, like business judgment, social judgment, or any other kind of higher thought process, is a function of intelligence. Morality cannot flower and fruit if intelligence remains infantile.
-It is to the highest 25 percent of our population, and more especially to the top 5 percent, that we must look for the production of leaders.
-The least intelligent 15 or 20 percent of our population are democracys ballast, not always useless but always a potential liability.-Not all criminals are feeble-minded, but all feeble-minded persons are at least potential criminals. That every feeble-minded woman is a potential prostitute would hardly be disputed by anyone. Moral judgment, like business judgment, social judgment, or any other kind of higher thought process, is a function of intelligence. Morality cannot flower and fruit if intelligence remains infantile.
-It is to the highest 25 percent of our population, and more especially to the top 5 percent, that we must look for the production of leaders.
-The least intelligent 15 or 20 percent of our population are democracys ballast, not always useless but always a potential liability.
25. The Binet-Simon Scale in the U. S. Lewis Madison Terman Genius Defined genius as an IQ of 135 or more.
Isolated 1528 gifted children (average age 11)
Followed up when 16 and 29
Members still in top 1%, still outstanding academically, 70% of men and 67% of women finished college, 56% of men and 33% of women obtained advanced degrees.
Gifted children tend to become gifted adults -A common expression was early ripe, early rot
-Children that were too smart would rot when they got older.-A common expression was early ripe, early rot
-Children that were too smart would rot when they got older.
26. Intelligence Testing in the Army Robert M. Yerkes -Yerkes, Robert M. (1876-1956) Suggested that psychology could help in the war effort (World War I) by creating tests that could be used to place recruits according to their abilities and to screen the mentally unfit from military service. The testing program was largely ineffective and was discontinued soon after the war.
-Though this program has traditionally been cited as a huge success for IQ testing, in truth it was of limited use.
-Only .005% of tested recruits were recommended for discharge
due to mental unfitness, and the recommendation was often
rejected.-Yerkes, Robert M. (1876-1956) Suggested that psychology could help in the war effort (World War I) by creating tests that could be used to place recruits according to their abilities and to screen the mentally unfit from military service. The testing program was largely ineffective and was discontinued soon after the war.
-Though this program has traditionally been cited as a huge success for IQ testing, in truth it was of limited use.
-Only .005% of tested recruits were recommended for discharge
due to mental unfitness, and the recommendation was often
rejected.
27. Army Alpha
28. Part 6 of the Army Beta Test
29. The Deterioration of National Intelligence Goddard, Terman, and Yerkes were concerned when the Army tests revealed that over half the White recruits had native intelligence equal to a 13-year-old or lower.
Caused by immigration
Intellectually inferior people were reproducing faster than superior people.
Herrnstein and Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994)
Nature-Nurture debate remains strong -People supporting the nature side have been labeled racist.
-If IQ is pure nature, and IQ is a strong predictor of school
success, and school success is a strong predictor of life
success, then successful people were born to succeed.-People supporting the nature side have been labeled racist.
-If IQ is pure nature, and IQ is a strong predictor of school
success, and school success is a strong predictor of life
success, then successful people were born to succeed.
30. Intelligence Misuses of Intelligence Testing Goddard invited to Ellis Island to observe immigrants
Goddard implemented mental testing of immigrants.
Goddard concluded that 40-50% of immigrants were morons.
Rate of deportation went up 570% under Goddard.
Goddard regretted the loss of cheap labor for the United States. -Studied the heritability of intelligence.
-Gave Binet-Simon IQ test to 22 year old Deborah Kallikak (Greek for kalos, good and kakos, bad)
-Had a mental age of 9, giving her an IQ of 41
-Goddard termed her moron
-Traced Deborahs ancestry to the Revolutionary War
-Martin Kallikak Sr. had an affair with a feeble-minded bar maid
and had Martin Kallikak, Jr.
-Later Martin Kallikak Sr. married a worthy girl and had seven
children.
-The descendants of Martin Kallikak Jr. was littered with problems.
-Five of his children were feeble-minded.
-Descendants were horse thieves, prostitutes,
convicts, alcoholics, sexual deviates.
-Believed feeble-mindedness was the cause
of most antisocial and criminal problems.
-The descendants of Martin Kallikak Sr. had few problems and in
fact many were prominent.
-The Kallikak Family, a Study in the Heredity of
Feeble-Mindedness (1912)
-Studied the heritability of intelligence.
-Gave Binet-Simon IQ test to 22 year old Deborah Kallikak (Greek for kalos, good and kakos, bad)
-Had a mental age of 9, giving her an IQ of 41
-Goddard termed her moron
-Traced Deborahs ancestry to the Revolutionary War
-Martin Kallikak Sr. had an affair with a feeble-minded bar maid
and had Martin Kallikak, Jr.
-Later Martin Kallikak Sr. married a worthy girl and had seven
children.
-The descendants of Martin Kallikak Jr. was littered with problems.
-Five of his children were feeble-minded.
-Descendants were horse thieves, prostitutes,
convicts, alcoholics, sexual deviates.
-Believed feeble-mindedness was the cause
of most antisocial and criminal problems.
-The descendants of Martin Kallikak Sr. had few problems and in
fact many were prominent.
-The Kallikak Family, a Study in the Heredity of
Feeble-Mindedness (1912)
31. Intelligence Misuses of Intelligence Testing? Brain Differences Analyzed cerebral cortex thickness at various points throughout childhood and adolescence.
Conducted IQ tests, dividing the children into three groups -- superior, high and average intelligence -- based on scores for verbal and nonverbal knowledge and reasoning skills.
Cortical thickness ultimately declined among all the children as they aged, the pattern of this decline differed across IQ groups.
32. Intelligence Misuses of Intelligence Testing? Brain Differences Those with superior intelligence scores started with relatively thin cortexes that grew thicker at a rapid pace, peaking around age 11. The cortex subsequently thinned out quickly during early adolescence.
Individuals of average intelligence underwent one of two patterns: a steady, but slower cortical thickness decline throughout childhood, or a short increase that peaked by age seven or eight, followed by a steady decline in thickness.
Children in the mid-range -- the "high intelligence" group -- followed a pattern that fell roughly between the two other groups, although their experience more closely resembled that of the average-intelligence kids. -There is also a slight though significant correlation between brain mass and intelligence.-There is also a slight though significant correlation between brain mass and intelligence.
33. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Factor Analysis
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test.
Used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie ones total score.
General Intelligence (g)
Factor that Spearman and others believe underlies specific mental abilities.
Measured by every task on an intelligence test. -Multiple traits: Factor analysis allows researchers to identify clusters of items which score together.
-People that score high on vocabulary items, also tend to score high on paragraph comprehension.
-This led researchers to believe that there was something we might call a general verbal intelligence.
-Likewise, however, factor analysis showed that there may be a general intelligence factor which underlies all others.
-Unitary trait or an overriding ability that influences everything we do.
-They believe we can measure this ability -- that much of what is important to know about intelligence can be captured with just one number (such as an IQ score).
-Single g
-Abilities in many areas are highly correlated.
-E.g., verbal and quantitative skills are highly inter-correlated -Multiple traits: Factor analysis allows researchers to identify clusters of items which score together.
-People that score high on vocabulary items, also tend to score high on paragraph comprehension.
-This led researchers to believe that there was something we might call a general verbal intelligence.
-Likewise, however, factor analysis showed that there may be a general intelligence factor which underlies all others.
-Unitary trait or an overriding ability that influences everything we do.
-They believe we can measure this ability -- that much of what is important to know about intelligence can be captured with just one number (such as an IQ score).
-Single g
-Abilities in many areas are highly correlated.
-E.g., verbal and quantitative skills are highly inter-correlated
34. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Savant Syndrome Savant Syndrome: Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing. specific skill.
Remember Rainman?
Computation
Drawing -Multiple Intelligence
-Savants - people with severe retardation (IQs of 40 to 70 -- profoundly retarded).
-Have a spectacular ability in some skill, such as math or music.
-Argument against the "g" factor
-Multiple Intelligence
-Savants - people with severe retardation (IQs of 40 to 70 -- profoundly retarded).
-Have a spectacular ability in some skill, such as math or music.
-Argument against the "g" factor
35. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Savant Syndrome -Britains Steven Wiltshire can draw intricate scenes after just one look. However, he can not even cross the street alone.
-This finding helps confirm the belief that there are indeed multiple intelligences.-Britains Steven Wiltshire can draw intricate scenes after just one look. However, he can not even cross the street alone.
-This finding helps confirm the belief that there are indeed multiple intelligences.
36. Factor Analysis Matrix -Sample correlation matrix to illustrate 3 factor analysis for 9 measures of mental ability. Data has been created for illustrative purposes.-Sample correlation matrix to illustrate 3 factor analysis for 9 measures of mental ability. Data has been created for illustrative purposes.
37. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Spearman says two (g + specific)
Thurstone says seven
Gardner says seven
Guilford says 150
Cattell, Vernon, and Carroll propose hierarchical models -Historical and contemporary website on Intelligence issues: http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eintell/hotTopics.shtml.
-Historical and contemporary website on Intelligence issues: http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eintell/hotTopics.shtml.
38. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Thurstones 7 Primary Mental Abilities Verbal comprehension
Verbal fluency
Inductive reasoning
Spatial visualization
Number
Memory
Perceptual speed
39. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Howard Gardner Word smarts-Poet T.S. Eliot
Number smarts-Scientist Albert Einstein
Music smarts-Composer Igor Stravinsky
Space smarts-Artist Pablo Picasso
Body smarts-Dancer Martha Graham
Self smarts-Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud
People smarts-Leader Mahatma Gandhi
Nature smarts-Naturalist Charles Darwin -Everybody is smart in different ways. Everybody excels at something, nobody excels at everything.-Everybody is smart in different ways. Everybody excels at something, nobody excels at everything.
40. SOI Model
Structure of Intelligence
Each cube represents an intersection of operations, products and contents to create 150 components of intelligence
41. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Cattell Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason and use information
Peaks approximately at age 20
Crystallized intelligence
Acquired skill and learned knowledge
Continues to increase into old age
42. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Carrolls Three-Strata Model Carroll, J. B. (1997). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In Flanagan, Dawn P. (Ed);Genshaft, Judy L. (Ed) Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues.,122-130. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.Carroll, J. B. (1997). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In Flanagan, Dawn P. (Ed);Genshaft, Judy L. (Ed) Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues.,122-130. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
43. Intelligence Are there multiple intelligences? Robert Sternberg Analytical intelligence
Assessed by intelligence tests
Creative intelligence
Demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas.
Practical intelligence
Required for everyday tasks which are often ill-defined and have multiple solutions. -Unfortunately, the world is not fair, people that tend to be high is some types of intelligence tend to be high in all.-Unfortunately, the world is not fair, people that tend to be high is some types of intelligence tend to be high in all.
44. Intelligence Creativity and Intelligence Creativity is the ability to produce new ideas which are both novel and valuable.
Five components
Expertise-Need a well-developed knowledge base
Imaginative thinking skills
Venturesome personality
Intrinsic motivation
Creative environment -Creativity is linked to intelligence, you must be intelligent to be creative.
-You need to have expertise in an area before you can be creative.
-You need to master the elements of a problem in order to be imaginative.
-A venturesome personality perseveres in overcoming obstacles.
-People will be most creative when they feel motivated by the challenge of the work.
-Creative people tend to be mentored and raised in supportive environments.-Creativity is linked to intelligence, you must be intelligent to be creative.
-You need to have expertise in an area before you can be creative.
-You need to master the elements of a problem in order to be imaginative.
-A venturesome personality perseveres in overcoming obstacles.
-People will be most creative when they feel motivated by the challenge of the work.
-Creative people tend to be mentored and raised in supportive environments.
45. Intelligence Social and Emotional Intelligence Social intelligence: The know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully.
One example of this is street smarts
Emotional intelligence: The ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions. Emotionally intelligent people are:
Self-aware
Self-controlled
Empathic
Distinctly different from academic intelligence -Ironically, a whole different line of work ties self-control in with academic smarts.-Ironically, a whole different line of work ties self-control in with academic smarts.
46. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Aptitude Test: A test designed to predict a persons future performance.
Aptitude is the capacity to learn.
WAIS
Achievement Test: A test designed to assess what a person has learned.
Exams
ACT (or SAT) are a little of both -There are two ways to assess a person.
-Tests such as the ACT or the SAT are a little of both.-There are two ways to assess a person.
-Tests such as the ACT or the SAT are a little of both.
47. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Most widely used intelligence test
Subtests
Verbal
Performance (nonverbal)
Most widely used intelligence test
Subtests
Verbal
Performance (nonverbal)
48. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Principles of Test Construction Standardization: Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group.
You got 32 correct out of 50, what does that mean? Nothing unless the test is standardized.
Normal Curve: The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
Most scores fall near the average; fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. -In order to make a test of intelligence you need to standardize it and be sure that scores form a normal distribution.-In order to make a test of intelligence you need to standardize it and be sure that scores form a normal distribution.
49. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Principles of Test Construction The Normal Curve -Scores on aptitude tests tend to form a normal, or bell-shaped, curve.-Scores on aptitude tests tend to form a normal, or bell-shaped, curve.
50. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Principles of Test Construction Reliability: The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Assessed by consistency of scores on
Two halves of the test
Alternate forms of the test
Retesting the same individual
Validity: The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to measure. -In order to make a test of intelligence you need to be sure it is both reliable and valid.
-Both reliability and validity are measured using correlations.-In order to make a test of intelligence you need to be sure it is both reliable and valid.
-Both reliability and validity are measured using correlations.
51. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence Mental Retardation: A condition of limited mental ability.
Indicated by intelligence scores below 70
Produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life.
Varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome: Retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up.
52. Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence
53. Intelligence Genetic and Environmental influences on Intelligence Gender Similarities and Differences -As the old belief goes, men are better at math and spatial skills, women are better at verbal skills.
-Also, there are more men than women at both extremes of intelligence.
-In analyzing the disproportionate numbers of men over women in high-end science and engineering jobs, Larry Summers suggested that after the conflict between employers' demands for high time commitments and women's disproportionate role in the raising of children the next most important factor might be the above-mentioned greater variance in intelligence among men than women, and that this difference in variance might be intrinsic, adding that he "would like nothing better than to be proved wrong".
-As the old belief goes, men are better at math and spatial skills, women are better at verbal skills.
-Also, there are more men than women at both extremes of intelligence.
-In analyzing the disproportionate numbers of men over women in high-end science and engineering jobs, Larry Summers suggested that after the conflict between employers' demands for high time commitments and women's disproportionate role in the raising of children the next most important factor might be the above-mentioned greater variance in intelligence among men than women, and that this difference in variance might be intrinsic, adding that he "would like nothing better than to be proved wrong".
54. Intelligence Genetic and Environmental influences on Intelligence Gender Similarities and Differences
55. Intelligence Genetic and Environmental influences on Intelligence Gender Similarities and Differences -Source Time, March 7, 2005, Who Says Women Cant be Einstein?
-It appears that the math skill of boys develop earlier than girls and the verbal skills of girls develop earlier than boys, in early grades, boys tend to experience math success, girls tend to experience math failure. By high school the brains of boys and girls seems to have the same math potential, but girls have by then experienced years of math failure, before their brains had developed yet.-Source Time, March 7, 2005, Who Says Women Cant be Einstein?
-It appears that the math skill of boys develop earlier than girls and the verbal skills of girls develop earlier than boys, in early grades, boys tend to experience math success, girls tend to experience math failure. By high school the brains of boys and girls seems to have the same math potential, but girls have by then experienced years of math failure, before their brains had developed yet.
56. Intelligence Are intelligence tests biased? Yes Cultural Bias
Is the test based on a particular culture such that people not familiar with the culture are at a disadvantage?
By this definition - yes, IQ tests are biased.
It is very difficult (if not impossible) to construct a culture-free test.
57. Intelligence Are intelligence tests biased? No Predictive Bias
Is the test more predictive of future behavior for some groups and not for others?
This is a statistical definition of bias.
IQ are not biased in terms of their ability to predict equally well for all groups.
They have predictive validity for all groups -- equally good predictive ability for school performance and for job performance across groups.
If we define fairness in terms of predictive bias, IQ tests are not biased. -Similarly, they are reliable, with people receiving similar scores upon retesting.-Similarly, they are reliable, with people receiving similar scores upon retesting.
58. Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences The BIG question: Is intelligence determined by genes or environment? Both influence intelligence, but how much? Nature or Nurture?
Results from twin studies
Identical twins reared together - r = .90
Identical twins reared apart show remarkably similar IQs indicating that genetics plays a large role in intelligence. - r = .70
Fraternal twins reared together - r = .60
Siblings reared together - r = .45
Unrelated individuals reared together - r = .30 -Any statement that intelligence is inherited has been severely criticized in recent years as being racist or sexist and justifying discrimination and unequal treatment.
-A DNA based intelligence test has been created, but the University of Chicago, upon receiving harsh criticism, withdrew its patent application.-Any statement that intelligence is inherited has been severely criticized in recent years as being racist or sexist and justifying discrimination and unequal treatment.
-A DNA based intelligence test has been created, but the University of Chicago, upon receiving harsh criticism, withdrew its patent application.
59. Intelligence Genetic Influences The most genetically similar people have the most similar
scores.
60. Intelligence Genetic Influences How much of IQ is hereditary?
Heritability refers to the extent to which differences among groups of people are attributable to genes. The proportion of variance among groups of people accounted for by heredity.
Heritability of intelligence is estimated to be 50 to 60%
Does not mean that genes are responsible for 50 to 60% of an individuals intelligence
It means that we can attribute to heredity 50 to 60% of the variation in intelligence within a group of people to nature
61. Intelligence Genetic Influences -As the years went by in their adoptive families, Colorado Adoption Project childrens verbal ability scores became modestly more like their biological parents scores.-As the years went by in their adoptive families, Colorado Adoption Project childrens verbal ability scores became modestly more like their biological parents scores.
62. Intelligence Environmental Influences Results for Nurture
Studies have shown that small children raised in deprived environments can, when immersed in enriched environments, gain as much as 20 points on IQ scores from one testing session to a second a year later.
Project Headstart -Project HeadStart uses this premise.
-Magnuson, Ruhm, and Waldfogel (2004) [1] conclude that Early education does increase reading and mathematics skills at school entry, but it also boosts children's classroom behavioral problems and reduces their self-control. Further, for most children the positive effects of pre-kindergarten on skills largely dissipate by the spring of first grade, although the negative behavioral effects continue."-Project HeadStart uses this premise.
-Magnuson, Ruhm, and Waldfogel (2004) [1] conclude that Early education does increase reading and mathematics skills at school entry, but it also boosts children's classroom behavioral problems and reduces their self-control. Further, for most children the positive effects of pre-kindergarten on skills largely dissipate by the spring of first grade, although the negative behavioral effects continue."
63. Nature and nurture Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences -People that may have a naturally high analytical level seek experiences which use these skills, which in turn enhance these skills.
-The plastic brain is shaped by genes and experience working together.-People that may have a naturally high analytical level seek experiences which use these skills, which in turn enhance these skills.
-The plastic brain is shaped by genes and experience working together.
64. Intelligence Einsteins Brain Zaidel (2001):
Left hippocampal neurons were much larger than right hippocampal neurons.
This asymmetry was not found in control subjects with normal intelligence.
Witelson et al. (1999): Einsteins parietal lobe was about 15% larger than normal.
65. Creativity A cognitive activity that results in a new way of viewing a problem or situation
4 stages
Preparation-formulation of problem
Incubation-leaving the problem while considering other things
Illumination-achieving insight
Verification-testing and/or carrying out the solution
Empirical support is lacking, but subjective reports abound
66. Creativity Investment Theory of Creativity
Creative ventures often appear foolish
Then others jump on board, but those people arent given credit for being creative, only the first person (or few) who risked trying something new
Sternberg & Lubarts theory of creativity
6 facets of creativity
Processes of intelligence
Intellectual style
Knowledge
Personality
Motivation
Environmental context
67. Creativity Judging Creativity-Measure Creativity
Highly subjective
Sometimes standards set by authority in the field
Divergence Production Test
Convergent thinking-straightforward to a particular conclusion
Divergent thinking-requires generation of many different answers with correctness being subjective
Cultural Blocks-culture and education affect ability to think creativity
68. Creativity Teaching Creativity (depends on your definition of creativity)
Possible to train people to be more flexible in their thinking, to score higher on tests, to solve puzzles, to think more deeply about issues.
Training though likely cant produce highly creative individuals (painters, musicians, writers, etc)
Creativity can be enhanced:
Develop a knowledge base
Create the right atmosphere for creativity
Search for analogies
69. Human Intelligence Higher order forms of cognition related to intelligence
Concept formation
Reasoning
Problem solving
Creativity
Ability to acquire, recall, and use knowledge to understand concrete and abstract concepts and the relationships among objects and ideas and to use knowledge in a meaningful way
Ability to classify patterns, modify behaviors, reason deductively, reason inductively, develop and use conceptual models, understand
70. Human Intelligence Cognitive Theories
Intelligence is a component that interacts with information processing
Short Term Memory-related to verbal aspects of intelligence
General Knowledge-book smarts-is often considered a correlate of intelligence
Taps into the ability to retrieve information
71. Human Intelligence Reasoning and Problem Solving-Sternbergs 3 Types of Intelligence
Componential Intelligent Behavior
Learning how to do things
Planning what things to do and how to do them
Actually doing the things
book smart but often not creative
Experiential Intelligent Behavior
Handles novel situations well
Maybe not the highest IQ, but creative
72. Human Intelligence Contextual Intelligent Behavior
Adaptation to a present environment
Selection of a more nearly optimal environment than the one the individual presently inhabits
Shaping the present environment to render it a better fit to skills, interests, values
Getting along well with your world by changing you, your environment or both
