Changes in Long-Distance Travel & Migrations: Nomads, Conquests, Slave Trade, and More

1. Chapter 15 The West and the Changing World Balance

2. Long Distance Travel & Migrations Increase Why? • Nomads still roam in some (but fewer) areas • Conquest (what’s new about this?) • Slave Trade (from where to where?) • Pilgrimages (examples?) • Missionary activity (whose and where?) • Diplomacy (examples?) • #1 Reason: Trade/Commerce (examples?)

3. Middle Eastern Decline • Arabs supplanted by Turkic peoples. • Abbasids out in 1258 • Mongols • Never again a single, unified Islamic Empire • Byzantines out in 1453 • Ottoman Turks

4. I Got 99 Problems… Economic Problems Political Problems Leadership crises Power of the Janissaries Influence of the ulama Frequency of succession disputes Lack of vision and unity Ottomans Turks dominate; scorn Arabs and rival Shiite Safavids Sultans more interested in own power and territorial expansion than trade and the empire’s vitality. Europe not united, so why is Europe different? • Food production declines • Ayansseize power over peasants • Peasants bound to land as serfs by 1100 • Trade routes lost to Europeans • Mongol decline reduced overland trade; emphasized sea trade • European ship designs improve • Enter Portugal and Spain, later England, France, and the Netherlands • Harms merchant class • Less tax revenues for state

5. Two Major Trade Networks Silk Roads (riches & luxuries) Sea Lanes

6. Rise of Key Trade Cities • Kanbaliq, Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, Venice, Timbuktu • Important for diffusion/interaction • Important for taxation • Become university, library, research places

7. Mongols in the Islamic Heartland • Interrupted trade • Destroys Abbasid Empire • Hastens decline in SW Asia • Cities destroyed • Irrigation works fail • BUT the Silk Road revived • Mongol protection • Demand for Chinese and Indian products in the West

8. Marco Polo

10. 1260-1269-lived with Kublai Khan

11. Marco Polo’s Legacy • Returned to Italy with stories • But most of his wealth was looted on the way! • Columbus believed his writings as gospel

12. Told of spices, textiles, gems etc….trade!!! The Silk Road

13. New Asian technology • Gunpowder • Compass • Ship design • Paper • … • Demand for Asian goods and luxuries • Fuels Renaissance • Spurs voyages of exploration

14. Europeans and Mongols • Europeans fight Muslims (Crusades) • Mongols fight Muslims (Abbassids) • But, when Pope Innocent IV invited the Mongols to convert…

15. Why This? • 1278—Mongols invite Europeans to co-invade SW Asia • Take Jerusalem • Crush Islam • Send Rabban Sauna… • BUT Europeans decline; and Islam doesn’t die. • Ibn Battutu (who was he?)

16. Missionary Campaigns • Islam • Sufi mystics • Not strict on doctrine; more on piety and devotion • Allowed keeping former traditions (syncretism) • Christianity • Minor success from Crusades • Missionaries to China; try to convert Chinese and Mongols

17. Christian Missionaries • John of Montecorvino • 1291, First archbishop of Khanbaliq • Translated New Testament into Turkish (Mongol court language) • Built churches, performed over 6,000 baptisms • Taught Latin (why so little success?) • More success in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and Mediterranean Islands • Disease halts the progress. (Why?)

18. Agricultural and Technological Diffusion • Compass (China to India to Europe) • Important for age of exploration • Gunpowder (China to Mongols to Middle East to Europe) • Changes war • New crops • (Muslims spread new fruits, rice, cotton to sub-Saharan Africa) • Sugarcane from SW Asia • Europeans introduced to it during Crusades • It’s now very difficult to avoid…anywhere

19. Consequences of New Agriculture • Sugarcane is labor-intensive • Plantations need workers • Demand for slaves • Muslims need more war captives • Europeans will plunder West Africa • Enriched diets • Larger, healthier populations • Decreased infant mortality

20. An Early Compass

21. 13th century Chinese cannon Woodcarving of an early European cannon

22. The Trebuchet

23. Disease • Spread of goods, crops, more contact… • Plague hits China…2/3 die in some regions • 1340s, Mongol trade routes to the West • Spreads in domesticated animals too • Black Sea ports hit by 1346 • Next Greece, Italy, et cetera

24. The Black Death • 1348, Western Europe • Death rate of 60%-70% • Over 100 years for the population to recover • On and off periods until late 1600s • Scandinavia and India spared (why?)

25. "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial."

26. 1348-1353 • 25,000,000 Europeans die of plague • Economic effects • Labor shortage • Trade halts • Social effects • Young, weak, old die first • Religious implications • New opportunities for the survivors • but government’s freeze wages and prevent migrations • REBELLION! • Political effects • Decline of feudal/manorial systems

27. Ordinance of Laborers, 1349 • The king to the sheriff of Kent, greeting. Because a great part of the people, and especially of workmen and servants, late died of the pestilence, many seeing the necessity of masters, and great scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they may receive excessive wages, and some rather willing to beg in idleness, than by labor to get their living; we, considering the grievous incommodities, which of the lack especially of ploughmen and such laborers may hereafter come, have upon deliberation and treaty with the prelates and the nobles, and learned men assisting us, of their mutual counsel ordained:

28. Item, if any reaper, mower, or other workman or servant, of what estate or condition that he be, retained in any man's service, do depart from the said service without reasonable cause or license, before the term agreed, he shall have pain of imprisonment. And that none under the same pain presume to receive or to retain any such in his service

30. Chinese Recovery • Plague weakens Yuan dynasty • 1368, Ming emperor Hongwu leads peasant rebellion and restoration of Chinese rule

31. Hongwu

32. Ming Restoration • Hongwu had to rid China of all things Mongol • Language, dress, names, etc. ALL BANNED. • Pushed for a return to Chinese traditions • Examination System and Confucian bureaucracy • Demand absolute obedience; strong central government • No more ministers—Hongwu ruled directly

33. Ming Restoration • Hongwu used Mandarins and eunuchs • Mandarins: Officials who travel the country to make sure imperial law is in effect (auditors) • Eunuchs: Well, um, … • Rebuilt irrigation and new public works • Promoted production of cotton, lacquerware, and porcelain

34. Ming Porcelain Lacquerware

35. Western Recovery • Rise of the Nation-States • France, Spain, England, Portugal • Holy Roman Empire weakened • German Princes and Italian city-states have the real power

36. Why Nation-States? • Promote unity • Broader taxation • Stronger standing army • Good for kings…

37. Started in Italy with the city states of Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples and the Papal States

38. Centralization • English and French finishing 100 Years War • Need money • Need an edge • France: Sales tax, hearth tax, salt tax • England: Hearth tax, head tax (individual tax), ploughman tax

39. France in 1337 France in 1450

40. Standing Army • England didn’t have one (at first) • Louis XI (France) had one of 15,000 • What’s England supposed to do?

41. Iberia • Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile • Unite Spain • Drive out Moors • Establish a sales tax and strong army • Portugal similar

42. National Competition • Military and naval technology grow rapidly • Kings gain more authority • Lots of small wars • ANYTHING for an edge

43. The Renaissance • Re-nai-ssance (Rebirth) • Arts • Learning • Glory • Inspired by Greco-Roman traditions

44. Humanists • Emphasis on the classical rather than the medieval • Sponsored by wealthy patrons • Signing works; celebrating human form (nudes!), achievements, ego, and emotions • Petrarch, Dante, da Vinci…

45. Brunelleschi-the Dome

46. Leonardo da Vinci Flying Machines Studies in Anatomy Self Portrait

47. Robot Mona Lisa Armored Car/Tank

48. Michelangelo Buonaratti David The Pieta

49. The Sistene Chapel

50. Interested in art, history and philosophylooked at how something could be religious without living in a monastery