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Wind Energy 101

Wind Energy 101. Where do we get our electricity?. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!. US installed capacity grew a WHOPPING 45% in 2007!!!. Why such growth…costs!. 1979: 40 cents/kWh. 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh. Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances

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Wind Energy 101

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  1. Wind Energy 101

  2. Where do we get our electricity?

  3. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!! US installed capacity grew a WHOPPING 45% in 2007!!!

  4. Why such growth…costs! 1979: 40 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh

  5. Wind Energy:The Technology

  6. Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD)

  7. Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960

  8. Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's

  9. Modern Windmills

  10. Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical AxisHorizontal Axis

  11. Advantages Omnidirectional Accepts wind from any angle Components can be mounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability Have never been commercially successful Vertical Axis Turbines

  12. Lift vs Drag VAWTs Lift Device “Darrieus” • Low solidity, aerofoil blades • More efficient than drag device Drag Device “Savonius” • High solidity, cup shapes are pushed by the wind • At best can capture only 15% of wind energy

  13. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines • Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower • Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines

  14. Types of Electricity Generating Windmills • Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications • (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) • Intermediate • (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power • Large (250 kW - 2+MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power

  15. 10 kW 50 kW 900 W 400 W Modern Small Wind Turbines:High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance • Technically Advanced • Only 2-3 Moving Parts • Very Low Maintenance Requirements • Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid • American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders (Not to scale)

  16. Overspeed Protection: Furling

  17. Large Wind Turbines • 450’ base to blade • Each blade 112’ • Span greater than 747 • 163+ tons total • Foundation 20+ feet deep • Rated at 1.5 – 5 megawatt • Supply at least 350 homes

  18. US Large Wind Manufactures • General Electric • Clipper

  19. Wind Turbine Technology North Wind 100 rating 100 kW rotor: 19.1 m hub height: 25 m Lagerwey LW58 rating: 750 kW rotor: 58 m hub height: 65 m Enercon E-66 rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 m hub height: 85 m Boeing 747 wing span: 69.8m length: 73.5 m North Wind HR3 rating: 3 kW rotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m Enercon E-112 rating: 4000 kW rotor: 112 m hub height: 100 m Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind Turbines

  20. Inside a Wind Turbine

  21. Airfoil Shape Just like the wings of an airplane, wind turbine blades use the airfoil shape to create lift and maximize efficiency.

  22. Yawing – Facing the Wind • Active Yaw (all medium & large turbines produced today, & some small turbines from Europe) • Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind • Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind • Passive Yaw (Most small turbines) • Wind forces alone direct rotor • Tail vanes • Downwind turbines

  23. Wind Farms

  24. Windfarm 2

  25. Off-Shore Windfarms

  26. Middelgrunden

  27. Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Wind Turbine Perspective

  28. Twist & Taper • Speed through the air of a point on the blade changes with distance from hub • Therefore, tip speed ratio varies as well • To optimize angle of attack all along blade, it must twist from root to tip Fastest Faster Fast

  29. The importance of the WIND RESOURCE

  30. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??

  31. Calculation of Wind Power • Power in the wind Effect of air density,  • Effect of swept area, A • Effect of wind speed, V Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3 R Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2).

  32. Importance of Wind Speed • No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind • Power is a cubic function of wind speed • V X V X V • 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more power • Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power

  33. All wind power cannot be captured by rotor or air would be completely still behind rotor and not allow more wind to pass through. Theoretical limit of rotor efficiency is 59% Most modern wind turbines are in the 35 – 45% range Betz Limit

  34. Wind Energy Potential

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