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Introduction to Geological CO 2 Sequestration

This course provides an overview of the context and implementation of geological CO2 sequestration, discussing the economic and technical drivers, physical and chemical aspects, and regulatory issues. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the key concepts and risk assessment involved in geologic storage.

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Introduction to Geological CO 2 Sequestration

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  1. Introduction to Geological CO2 Sequestration Dr. Steven L. Bryant Associate Professor Dept. of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering Director Geologic CO2 Storage Joint Industry Project The University of Texas at Austin

  2. Course Objectives • Understand the context in which geologic sequestration of CO2 may be implemented • Review economic, technical drivers for methods of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions • Know key physical and chemical phenomena involved in geologic storage • Relate technical issues of geologic storage to risk assessment issues

  3. Course Plan • Overview • Economic/technical drivers • Lecture (45-60 min) • Exercise (15-30 min) • Break (10 min) • Physical, chemical aspects • Lecture • Exercise • Break • Regulatory issues • Lecture • Exercise

  4. Module 1: Economic and technical drivers for sequestration • What is the case for action? • What are the options for action?

  5. Case for action CO2 is a greenhouse gas • Fact • CO2 molecule absorbs infrared radiation • Implication • larger CO2 concentration in atmosphere will be associated with warmer temperature (all else being equal) • Fact • CO2 concentration in atmosphere is increasing

  6. Case for action CO2 concentration in Earth’s atmosphere vs time

  7. Case for action CO2 concentration in Earth’s atmosphere vs time

  8. Case for action Why does debate continue? • Challenges • Predict how much warming will occur and how rapidly it will occur • Attribute human contribution to CO2 levels in atmosphere

  9. Case for action Earth’s carbon cycle: Natural and anthropogenic carbon fluxes and reservoirs

  10. Case for action Conversion factors for CO2 0.379 MSCF per lbmol 0.00861 MSCF per lb 18.95 MCF/ton 18.95 MMCF/thousand ton 18.95 BCF/million ton 18.95 TCF/gigaton 1 ton = 1000 kg 3.7 ton CO2 = 1 ton C

  11. Case for action CO2 equivalents from burning fossil fuels CO2 emitted by burning (mass of CO2 not carbon) 0.31 ton/bbl oil 2.30 ton CO2/ton oil 2 ton CO2/ton coal 120 lb CO2/MCF nat gas 54545 ton CO2/BCF gas

  12. Case for action CO2 emissions from human activities By source (in 2000, as CO2) • Solid fuel 8.1 GT • Liquid fuel 10.6 GT • Gaseous fuel 4.7 GT • Fossil fuel total 23.4 GT ¾ of total CO2 emissions • As carbon 6.3 GT • Flaring + cement 0.9 GT • Land use change 7.6 GT • Total 32 GT • As carbon 8.6 GT

  13. Case for action CO2 emissions from human activities

  14. Case for action CO2 emissions by sector • Electricity generation: ~10 GT CO2/y • About a third of anthropogenic emissions

  15. Case for action Global CO2 emissions by sector (2004 data) • Electricity generation, heat 41% • Transportation 20% • Industry 18% • Residential/Commercial 13% • Other 8%

  16. Options for action Assume a carbon constrained world: what action do we take? • Conservation • Efficiency • Fuel switching • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) Use less carbon Emit less CO2

  17. Options for action Scale of the mitigation challenge

  18. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (1) conservation • Global per capita fossil fuel consumption has been constant for 20+ y • US per capita also constant for 20 y • But global per capita electricity generation increased 25% in last 15 y • Yet 2 billion people do not have access to electricity today

  19. Options for action Why conservation doesn’t solve GHG emissions: Energy consumption is correlated to quality of life • Fuel consumption • Increases quality of life • Refrigeration • Heating/air conditioning • Mobility • Water treatment • Enables greater economic output • People use about as much energy as they can afford

  20. Options for action Why conservation doesn’t solve GHG emissions: Energy consumption is correlated to quality of life

  21. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (2) Efficiency • Efficiency: using same amount of fuel to produce more {goods, services, comfort} • World has gotten more efficient in last 30 y • Overall economic activity has increased faster so GHG emissions increase

  22. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (2) Efficiency

  23. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (3) fuel switching • Natural gas for coal (power) • Nuclear for coal and gas (power) • Natural gas for oil (vehicles) • Pickens Plan • Renewables for fossil • Installed wind capacity ~ 100 GW • Installed total capacity ~ 4000 GW • All sources (fossil, nuclear, hydro, wind)

  24. Options for action CO2 emissions from electricity generation • 19900 TWhr generated in 2007 • 72 EJ • 4000 GW generating capacity • 10 GT CO2/y • About a third of anthropogenic emissions • 1 GW hydroelectric  ~0 MT CO2/y • 1 GW nuclear  ~0 MT CO2/y • 1 GW coal-fired  ~7.6 MT CO2/y • 1 GW gas-fired  ~3.9 MT CO2/y • 1 GW oil-fired  ~7.5 MT CO2/y http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/electricity.html

  25. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (4) Carbon capture and storage • Capture from existing fossil electricity generation • Pure CO2 from new advanced combustion/power generation plants • Capture from industrial fuel consumption • Refineries • Heavy oil recovery • Capture from methane conversion processes • Hydrogen • Liquid hydrocarbons • Geologic storage • Deep saline aquifers • Depleted oil, gas reservoirs

  26. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (4) Carbon capture and storage IPCC SRCCS Technical Summary

  27. Options for action GHG mitigation options: (4) Carbon capture and storage IPCC SRCCS Technical Summary

  28. Module 1: Key Lessons • Anthropogenic C fluxes are comparable to net fluxes between reservoirs in Earth’s carbon cycle • Using less energy (globally) is unlikely • Reducing emissions is huge job • Multiple technologies required • CCS essential for substantive effect

  29. Module 1: Exercise • Compute per capita fossil fuel consumption (MTOE/person/y) • In 2005 • In 1990 • How much, in MTOE/y, would current fossil fuel consumption have to decrease in order to return to 1990 levels? • What percentage reduction would this be? • What is biggest percentage reduction in last 100 y? • Compute per capita consumption if current population used fossil fuel at 1990 levels • When was the last time this level of per capita consumption occurred?

  30. Module 1: Exercise • Compute per capita fossil fuel consumption (MTOE/person/y) • In 2005 • In 1990 • How much, in MTOE/y, would current fossil fuel consumption have to decrease in order to return to 1990 levels? • What percentage reduction would this be? • What is biggest percentage reduction in last 100 y? • Compute per capita consumption if current population used fossil fuel at 1990 levels • When was the last time this level of per capita consumption occurred?

  31. Module 1: Exercise Data

  32. Module 1: Exercise Data

  33. Module 1: Exercise Data

  34. Module 1: Exercise Data

  35. Module 2: Physical and Chemical Phenomena in Geologic Storage • What properties of CO2 affect geologic storage? • What are the volumes and rates? • Where can CO2 be stored? • What properties of brine affect geologic storage? • What properties of sedimentary rocks affect geologic storage?

  36. Physical/Chemical Properties CO2 density in shallow Earth’s crust

  37. Physical/Chemical Properties CO2 density in shallow Earth’s crust

  38. Physical/Chemical Properties CO2 density in shallow Earth’s crust

  39. Physical/Chemical Properties CO2 viscosity

  40. Physical/Chemical Properties CO2 viscosity

  41. Physical/Chemical Properties CO2 solubility in brine

  42. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage volumes • Consider 500 MW coal fired power plant • Capture 90% of CO2 produced • Assume 40 y life • How much CO2 to be stored?

  43. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage volumes • Consider 500 MW coal fired power plant • Capture 90% of CO2 produced • Assume 40 y life • How much CO2 to be stored?

  44. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage volumes in aquifers • Consider 500 MW coal fired power plant • Capture 90% of CO2 produced • Assume 40 y life • How much CO2 to be stored? • Now consider the displaced brine: • Volume of brine displaced?

  45. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage volumes in aquifers • Consider storing 4 GT CO2 per year • 12% of anthropogenic emissions • Compute the required total injection rate • Compute the cumulative volume occupied during 50 y

  46. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage volumes in aquifers • Consider storing 4 GT CO2 per year • 12% of anthropogenic emissions • Compute the required total injection rate • Compute the cumulative volume occupied during 50 y

  47. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage rates: Injectivity of CO2 determines well count • Assume radial flow from each injector • Assume steady-state flow equation relates injection pressure to injection rate • In practice, this overestimates rate • See Burton et al. SPE 113937 for correct calculation

  48. Physical/Chemical Properties Storage rates: Injectivity of CO2 determines well count • Example • Choose depth of aquifer • Set far field pressure = hydrostatic • Set max injection pressure = fracture gradient • Max DP = Pmax inj.- Phydrostatic • Compute qmax • Compute Nwells = (sequestration rate)/qmax

  49. Physical/Chemical Properties 1 mile Geologic CO2 Sequestration: target formations CO2

  50. Physical/Chemical Properties Geologic CO2 Sequestration: target formations IPCC SRCCS Technical Summary

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