An Age of Cross-Cultural Interaction: The Mongols, Arabs, and The Turks

1. An Age of Cross-Cultural Interaction: The Mongols, Arabs, and The Turks The Road to Revision By: Daniel Levin, Edward Nirenberg, and Russell Huang

2. The Mongols • Mongols were conquerors scattered throughout the Central Asian steppe. • They were very war-bound and at one point assembled the largest empire in history. • They lived in tribes, in tents called yurts. • The Mongol tribes were united by Genghis Khan. • They were split up into 4 khanates after the death of Genghis Khan.

3. The Arabs • The Arabs were unlike their Mongol neighbors. Rather than being war-bound they had a predisposition to the commercial side of interaction. • During this time, it would be odd to see a merchant that was not Muslim. • They spread their religion to almost everyone that they visited. • Practiced Islam.

4. The Turks • The Turks were a varied group of tribes, and each had significant roles in history. • Some important groups include: the Saljuqs, the Ottomans, and the Uighurs. • Many of the tribes were Muslim. • Uighurs could be found in East Asia, near China, Saljuqs in the Middle East, and the Ottomans in Anatolia.

5. The Silk Road • The Silk Road was used by all of the aforementioned civilizations. • It wasn’t an actual road, per say, but rather a network of trade routes. • It is called the Silk road because of all the Silk leaving China being redistributed throughout the regions who relied upon it. • Although China once monopolized the silk industry, the Byzantines, by way of monks who had come to China, soon also gained access to the silk. • Though the primary function of the road was commerce, it was often used for battle by, specifically, the Seljuq Turks and the Mongols.

6. INVASIONS By nature, these 3 groups, the Mongols in particular, got into many altercations.

7. The Mongolian Territory The Mongols amassed a territory so great that it was one of the largest in all of history, second to the British Empire, even more gargantuan than that of Alexander the Great’s.

8. Battle of Manzikert The Saljuq Turks attacked and conquered Anatolia in the Battle of Manzikert in the year 1071. They kidnapped the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes.

9. The Conquering of Constantinople The Ottoman Turks sacked Constantinople in 1453 and took over the Byzantine empire.

10. QUIZ! • What year was the sacking of Constantinople? a)1354 b)1450 c)1453 d)1353 e)2005 2) Who participated in the Battle of Manzikert? Who was taken? a) The Mongols took Justinian from the Byzantines because they wanted to. b)The Ottoman Turks took Theodora from the Western Europeans because she was causing political unrest. c)The Uighurs attacked China and took several monks. d)The Saljuq Turks attacked Anatolia and took emperor RomanosIV Diogenes. e)The Chinese attacked because they tainted the land with Buddhism.

11. Quiz 3) When was the Battle of Manzikert? a)1053 b)1052 c)1501 d)1450 e)1010 4) Which Empire amassed the largest territory in 1279? (Hint: their expansion stopped at Egypt) a)The Uighurs b)The Mongols c)The Arabs d)The Ottomans e)The British

12. Quiz 5) What abstract thing did the Arabs distribute to almost everywhere that they visited? a) territory b) math c) turbans d) religion e) philosophy 6) Why is the Silk Road named so? a) It’s smooth. b) It was the Chinese’s way of reflecting their ethnocentric nationalism of their monopoly of the silk industry. c)The Arabs liked silk. d) There is no reason for the name. e) Silk was among the main exports.

13. Quiz 7) Name all of the Mongolian Khanates, state the location of each, and at least o thing that they did for the people.