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CIEG 331 Introduction to Environmental Engineering

CIEG 331 Introduction to Environmental Engineering. Chapter 1 Introduction. 1.1What is Environmental Engineering?. Environmental Engineering- a profession deals with Solutions of problems of environmental sanitation Engineering aspects of public health. 1.1What is Environmental Engineering?.

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CIEG 331 Introduction to Environmental Engineering

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  1. CIEG 331Introduction to Environmental Engineering Chapter 1Introduction C. P. Huang

  2. 1.1What is Environmental Engineering? • Environmental Engineering- a profession deals with • Solutions of problems of environmental sanitation • Engineering aspects of public health C. P. Huang

  3. 1.1What is Environmental Engineering? • Professionalism • Pursue the learned arts in a spirit of public service. • Engineering • A profession that applies sciences to utilize economically natural resources for the benefits of mankind. C. P. Huang

  4. ASCE Code of EthicsFundamental Principles Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by: 1. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment; 2. being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients; 3. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and 4. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines. C. P. Huang

  5. Fundamental Canons 1. Engineers shallhold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable developmentin the performance of their professional duties. 2. Engineers shallperform services only in areas of their competence. 3. Engineers shallissue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. 4. Engineers shallact in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. 5. Engineers shallbuild their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. 6. Engineers shallact in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession. 7. Engineers shallcontinue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision. C. P. Huang

  6. Environmental EngineeringASCE Policy Statement 412Approved by the National Environmental Systems Policy Committee on March 6, 2001.Approved by the Board Policy Team on March 12, 2001.Adopted by the Board of Direction on April 27, 2001. Policy The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) reaffirms that environmental engineering has been and continues to be an essential discipline of civil engineering since it applies directly to the civil engineering professional's mandate to protect the public health, safety and welfare. C. P. Huang

  7. Environmental EngineeringASCE Policy Statement 412 Rationale Although there are many environmentally-focused professions, environmental engineers are civil engineers. ASCE has, new institutes, including the Environmental and Water Resources Institute formed in 1999. Environmental engineering (formerly sanitary engineering formed in 1922) has long been a discipline of civil engineering. Environmental engineering subjects have been taught as part of civil engineering curriculum, and has been recognized in accreditation of civil engineering programs. Civil engineers educated in environmental engineering programs have diligently served the public interest and have an important leadership role in maintaining and improving the environmental infrastructure. C. P. Huang

  8. 1-2 Introduction to Environmental Engineering • Water treatment engineering • Water quality management • Wastewater treatment engineering • Air pollution engineering • Noise pollution engineering • Solid waste management • Hazardous waste management C. P. Huang

  9. 1-3 Environmental Systems Overview • Water Resource Management System (Fig 1-2; Fig 1-3) • Air Resource Management System (Fig 1-5) • Solid Waste Management System(Fig 1-6) • Multimedia System C. P. Huang

  10. Collection works Collection works Transmission works Storage Reservoir Treatment works Distribution works Water Resource Management System C. P. Huang

  11. Factors Affecting Water Uses • Industrial activities • Metering • Management • Living standards • Climate C. P. Huang

  12. Source of Drinking Water C. P. Huang

  13. System Size C. P. Huang

  14. Water source C. P. Huang

  15. Terms • CWS : Community Water System. A public water system that supplies water to the same population year-round. • NTNCW : Non-Transient Non-Community Water System. A public water system that supplies water to at least 25 of the same population at least six months per year, but not year-round. Some examples are schools, factories, office buildings and hospital which have their own water systems. • TNCWS = Transient Non-Community Water System. A public water system that provides water in a place such as gas station or campground where people do not remain for long period of time. C. P. Huang

  16. Water Resource Management System Source of wastewater Disposal or reuse On-site Processing Wastewater collection Treatment Transmission and pumping C. P. Huang

  17. C. P. Huang

  18. Effects Modeling Fate & Transport Emissions Liquid waste Monitoring Controls Solid waste Sources Air Resource Management System C. P. Huang

  19. Waste Generation Storage Collection Transfer and Transportation Processing and Recovery Disposal Solid Waste Management System C. P. Huang

  20. Multimedia System C. P. Huang

  21. C. P. Huang

  22. 1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations (Water Quality Management) • Drinking water • Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1974 • Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (SDWAA) 1986 C. P. Huang

  23. 1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations (Water Quality Management) • Water pollution control • Public Health Service Act (PHSA) 1948 • Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) 1958 • Water Quality Act 1965 • Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment (FWQCAA) 1972 • Clean Water Act (CWA) 1977 C. P. Huang

  24. Terms (Acronyms) BPT = Best Practical Technology BAT = Best Available Technology NPDES = National Pollution Discharge Elimination System BCT = Best Conventional Technology C. P. Huang

  25. 1955 Air Pollution Control Act 1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act 1963 Clean Air Act 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act 1967 Air Quality Act 1970 Clean Air Act Amendment 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments 1980 Acid Precipitation Act 1986 Radon Gas Indoor Air Quality Research Act 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments 1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations (Air Quality Management) C. P. Huang

  26. 1999 Clean Air Act Amendments • Target attainment date for criteria air pollutants. • New requirements for auto emissions. • Identify 189 HAPs. • Set SO2 allowance for acid rain. • Set date for phase-out ozone-depleting compounds. C. P. Huang

  27. 100 Mg/d 100 Mg/d 100 Mg/d 100 Mg/d Bubble Concept Without Bubble Total allowable emission = 200 Mg/d Control Cost = $20 Million With Bubble Total allowable emission = 200 Mg/d Control Cost = $ 15 Million C. P. Huang

  28. 1850 Boston 1920 Noise Abatement Commission New York City 1948 National Institute of Municipal Law Officers (NIMLO) 1942 Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act 1962 Federal Aid Highways Act 1966 Department of Transportation Act 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 Noise Pollution and Abatement Act 1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations (Noise Pollution Control) C. P. Huang

  29. 1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations (Solid Waste) • 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act • 1970 Resource Recovery Act C. P. Huang

  30. 1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations (Hazardous Wastes) • 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) • 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) • 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment s (HSWA) • 1986 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) • 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) C. P. Huang

  31. 1-5 Environmental Ethics • Case 1: Nitrite issue • Case 2: Noise issue C. P. Huang

  32. 1-6 A Material Balance Approach to Problem Solving • Financial system: • Balance = deposit -withdrawal • Environmental system: • Accumulation = input -output C. P. Huang

  33. Example 1: Solid Waste Generation Inputs: 50 kg consumer goods Outputs: 50% consumed as foods - 50% for biological maintenance - 50% discharge as waste in sewer - 25% waste recycle Accumulation: 1 kg C. P. Huang

  34. Input = Output 1 + Output 2+ Output 3 + Output 4 + Accumulation Output 1 = (0.5)(50) (0.5) = 12.5 kg Output 2 = (0.5)(50)(0.5) = 12.5 kg Output 3 = (0.25)(50-12.5-12.5-1) = 6 kg Output 4 = 50 - 12.5 - 12.5 - 6 -1 = 18 kg Output 1 = biological needs Output 4 = discard accumulation Input Output 3 = recycle Output 2 =sewer Example 1: C. P. Huang

  35. Example 2: Flow Bath tub = 3.5 m3 Faucet flow rate = 1.32 L/min Drain flow rate = 0.32 L/min Q1: How long does it take to fill the bath tub? Q1: How much water is wasted? C. P. Huang

  36. Example 2: Flow Rate of accumulation = Rate of input - Rate of output (dM/dt)in (dM/dt)out (dM/dt)accu 0.32 L/min 1.32 L/min C. P. Huang

  37. Example 2 Solving without integration Mass = (volume )(density) = Vr Volume = (flow rate) (time) = Q t (Vacc)(r) = (Qin) (r) (t) – (Qout) (r) (t) Vacc = (Qin – Qout) (t) C. P. Huang

  38. Sewer Cse = 1,200 mg/L Qse = 2,000 L/min Cmix = ? Qmix = Qse + Qst Stream Example 3 Mixing Cst = 20 mg/L Qst = 2.0 m3/s C. P. Huang

  39. Example 3 Mass / Time = (Concentration) (Flow rate) Mass / Time = (mg/L) (L/min) = (mg/min) Rate of Accumulation = {Cst Qst) + Cse Qse)}– (Cmix)(Qmix) Qmix = Qse + Qst C. P. Huang

  40. Chapter Review • Environmental management systems • Identify and explain the following acronyms and concepts: BPT, BAT, BCT, NPDES, HAP, MACT, “bubble policy”, NIMLO, Walsh-Healy, OSHA, RCRA and CERCLA • Define the following terms: conservative pollutants, reactive pollutants, steady-state conditions, completely mixed systems, • Mass balance relationship C. P. Huang

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