Section 1: The First Texans Section 2: The Western Gulf Culture Area

1. CHAPTER 4 Texas Indians Section 1:The First Texans Section 2:The Western Gulf Culture Area Section 3:The Southeastern Culture Area Section 4: The Pueblo Culture Area Section 5: The Plains Culture Area

2. SECTION 1 The First Texans Question: What are some characteristics of the early civilizations of North, South, and Mesoamerica?

3. SECTION 1 Civilization Location Description Maya Toltec and Aztec Anasazi Mississippian The First Texans Mesoamerica developed written language, astronomical and mathematical systems Mesoamerica had organized governments; Toltec built stone pyramids; Aztec traded, built canals west of Texas traded goods widely; built huge, multi-storied dwellings, later set into cliffs for defense Cumberland, Mississippi, Tennessee River valleys mainly farmers; built large, flat-topped, earthen mounds

4. SECTION 2 The Western Gulf Culture Area Question: What are some similarities and differences between the Karankawa and the Coahuiltecan?

5. SECTION 2 Location/ Shelter Clothing/Appearance Group Foods Karankawa Coahuiltecan The Western Gulf Culture Area • Gulf CoastalPlain • wigwams • hunter-gatherers • coast—fished withtraps; seafood;hunted small game • inland—hunted deer, buffalo; gath-ered wild potatoes • men—deerskinbreechcloths;women—grassor deerskinskirts • painted bodies • South TexasPlains • temporary shelters ofhides overbranches • hunter-gatherers • hunted buffalo,small mammals;fished • gathered wildplants, smallreptiles, insects • men—worelittle; women—grass or deer-skin skirts • wore hair long

6. SECTION 3 The Southeastern Culture Area Question: What traits did the Caddo, Wichita, and Atakapa have in common?

7. SECTION 3 CADDO WICHITA ATAKAPA The Southeastern Culture Area • permanent villages • dwellings of wooden polescovered with grass • farmed beans, corn, squash • hunted buffalo, deer • wore tattoos • rich farmland • farmed corn • fished; hunted buffalo • men wore breechcloths • made pottery • wore tattoos • farmed corn • hunted buffalo • wore tattoos

8. SECTION 4 The Pueblo Culture Area Question: How did the Jumano adapt to their new environment in Texas?

9. SECTION 4 Location When did they arrive in Texas? How did they survive The Pueblo Culture Area Moved along the Rio Grande in West Texas They arrived in West Texas somewhere between 1000 and 1200 A.D. Grew corn along Rio Grande and also gathered wild plants and hunted buffalo

10. SECTION 5 The Plains Culture Area Question: What were the lives of Plains Indians like before the Spanish came?

11. SECTION 5 Plains Indians Precontact Comancheand Kiowa Tonkawa Apache The Plains Culture Area • Lived in North Central Plains • Hunter-gatherers • Hunted buffalo onthe Great Plains • came to Texasbetween A.D. 1000and 1400 • Organized in bands • Surrounded buffaloand killed buffalowith bows & arrows • Used buffalo for mostof their needs • Lived on edge of Great Plains before1700’s • migrated to Texas • Hunted buffalo onfoot • Became dominant group after contace

12. CHAPTER 4 Chapter Wrap-Up 1. Why were the lives of the Caddo similar to and different from those of the Jumano? 2. In what ways were Texas Plains Indian groups similar to one another? 3. How did new tools and technologies affect Native Americans?