Sociocultural Origins of Violence

1. Sociocultural Origins of Violence

2. Questions for Discussion • Is violence ever justified? • How old do you think the youngest murderer ever was? • Give explanations of terrorism. • What do you think are the reasons for school shootings? • Will there ever be a nuclear war? • Are humans less or more violent than we used to be? • Why does violence sell?

3. Definition of Violence • Violence: An aggressive act in which the perpetrator abuses individuals indirectly or directly • Examples of violence: Murder, bullying, war, genocide, domestic violence

4. Sociocultural Explanations of Violence • Cultural norms • Social learning theory • Agency theory

5. Cultural Norms • Some cultures have norms of violence, e.g. the culture of honor in the Southern United States • Culture of honor: A cultural norm where people need to maintain their reputation by not accepting improper conduct by others, such as insults. These cultures encourage retribution and toughness. • Cohen and Nisbett (1996): male participants from the southern and northern part of the United States were insulted by a confederate. Students who had grown up in the southern United States were more upset (had a higher rise in cortisol and testosterone levels) and were more likely to engage in aggressive and dominant behavior.

6. Social Learning Theory • People can learn antisocial behavior through observational learning (e.g. Bandura et al., 1961) • Eron (1986): Found a positive correlation between number of hours of violence watched on television at the age of 8 and the level of aggression they demonstrated as teenagers, as well as the number of criminal acts as adults • Charlton et al. (1999): The introduction of television in St Helena in 1995 did not increase the observed aggression in primary school children.

8. Agency Theory • Milgram argues that people may enter an “agentic state” where they choose not to take responsibility of their actions and become the tool of an authority. This agentic state may lead to violent behavior. This is a situational approach • (Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)) • Examples: Milgram (1963), My Lai massacre

9. Evaluation • Generalisability (e.g. Charlton, 1999) • Correlation, not causation (e.g. Eron 1986) • Dispositional factors of violence( e.g. cortisol, testosterone, prefrontal lobe damage, psychopathy) • Ecological validity issue (e.g. Milgram 1963) • Has been replicated, use of controls (Milgram ,1963; Cohen & Nisbett, 1995)

10. Before: general approachnow: origins of a specific type of violence Bullying

11. Bullying • Olweus (1993) argues that the roots of bullying are a combination of parental influence, aspects of a child’s home environment, and problem with anger management. • Too little love and too much freedom – worst combination – can contribute to the development of an aggressive personality. • Studies by Eron (1987) found that parents of bullies often are authoritarian (imprinted in their social schemas) • Genetic factors (found in a Swedish and British twin study by Eley et al. 1999) but more in girls than boys • Malnutrition can also play a role (Lieu and Raine 2004)