Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world: Indeed it's the only thing that ev

1. Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world: Indeed it's the only thing that ever has. Margaret Mead Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

2. Community DevelopmentDefinition “The Process of intervention into existing structures of society, cultural, economic, political and conservation goals” Furse, De lacy Birckhead, 1996 Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

3. Community Development “Community Development can be tentatively defined as a process designed to create conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and the fullest possible reliance on the community’s initiative” United Nations, 1995 Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

4. Key Principles for Community Development • Community Participation • Empowerment • Self- determination • Social Justice • Advocacy • Access and Equity • Human rights Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

5. Social Justice • Fair distribution of resources, power, rights and opportunities • 4 Elements • Equality • Equality of rights • Access to essential Services • Participation Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

6. What is Empowerment: Why Important? “Empowerment involves people in assuming control or mastery over their lives.” (Rappaport, 1987) “Empowerment is a social action process that promotes participation of people, organizations, and communities towards the goals of increase individual and community control, political efficacy, improved quality of community life and social justice.” (Wallerstein, 1992) Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

7. Powerlessness Physical and Social Risk Factors Living in Poverty Relatively Low in Hierarchy Low Control/High Demand Chronic Stress Lack of Social Support Lack of Resources Workplace Health Neighborhood Effects Concentrated Disadvantage Lack of Public Services Income Inequities Lack of Social Capital Racial Discrimination Material Deprivation Disease Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004 Psycho-Social Powerlessness: Lack of Control Over Destiny

8. Minkler and Wallerstein Typology Community Development Social Action (Alinsky-Model) Needs- Based Advocacy Strategies Collaboration and Consensus strategies Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004 Strengths- Based Empowerment-Oriented Social Action: Challenging power-over Community-Building and Capacity-Building: Power with

9. Community Development- Ideologies Consensus theory (functionalism) • All societies have certain basic needs - Functional requirements must be met if a society is to survive. • Functionalists concerned with the contribution the various parts of a society make towards those needs. • existence of a central value system that imposes common values on all its members • The ‘organic analogy’ Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

10. Community Development- Ideologies Pluralist theories • Society is made up of different Groups • Groups must compete with each other for resources • Social problems arise due to inequitable distribution of resources • Answer to social problems is the redistribution of resources in favour of disadvantaged Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004

11. Community Development- Ideologies Structuralist • Competition- over scarce resources at the heart of all social relationships. • Structural inequality- Inequalities in power built into all social structures. Individuals/ groups benefiting strive to see it maintained. • Revolution. Changes as a result of conflict between social class' competing interests not through adaptation. It is often abrupt and revolutionary rather than evolutionary. • War. Even war is a unifier of the societies involved, as well as war may set an end to whole societies. Print West, TAFE NSW Western Intitute, 2004