Translation Tutorial

1. Start from the beginning Transcription review Translation Tutorial The Genetic Code Transfer RNA Performing the Process Review Questions Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.

2. Translation ribosome ribosome Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review. ribosome next

3. BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCLEUS A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. ribosome next NEXT

4. BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCLEUS A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule. AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA ribosome next next

5. BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCLEUS A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule. Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin. AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA ribosome NEXT next

6. BACK Translation Process The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid. Remember that amino acids link together to create a single protein. Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon ribosome Click to see the codons It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid. next

7. BACK Find AUG… This code calls for the delivery of the amino acid called methionine. Give it a click. The Genetic Code This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon.

8. BACK Find CCA… This code calls for the delivery of the amino acid called proline. Give it a click. AUG codon Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein. Click on the CCA codon.

9. BACK Find the Stop Codons… These codes tells the ribosome to stop making a protein. Give one a click. CCA codon Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished. Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

10. BACK Transfer RNA Amino Acid serine next Amino acid proline next Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome. Amino Acid methionine next next

11. BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan next methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine Examine the chart on your handout. Find the AUG code. AUG = methionine 1st codon ribosome

12. BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan next methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine ribosome

13. BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan Click on the next amino acid to be delivered. methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Examine the chart on your handout. Find the CCA code. CCA = proline Amino acid methionine 2nd codon ribosome

14. BACK Watching the Process next Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine next isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino acid methionine ribosome

15. BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine next isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino acid methionine ribosome

16. BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will be the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid next leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAU code. UAU = tyrosine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline ribosome

17. BACK Watching the Process Examine the chart on your handout. Find the GGC code. GGC = glycine Click on the amino acid which will the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan Click on the amino acid that will be 4th delivered. methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline ribosome

18. BACK Watching the Process Now what happens? next Yep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome. choices DNA helix splits mRNA reads the DNA tRNA exits phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine This already happened. This already happened. valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

19. BACK Watching the Process Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below. You got it! choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAA code. UAA = stop codon Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

20. BACK Watching the Process STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and mRNA will break apart. How many amino acids long is this finished protein? Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine One choices Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid Two leucine proline glutamine cysteine Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan Three methionine alanine lysine arginine Four Correct valine tyrosine Asparticacid glycine Stop codon Five Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

21. BACK Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid tyrosine 1 2 4 3 This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell? Creates ATP molecules mitochondria Good memory Golgi body Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell Chloroplast Performs photosynthesis to make sugar

22. BACK Final Review Review #1: Which process creates the mRNA that is read by the ribosome? Replication Transcription Translation You got it. This process creates more DNA This process creates proteins

23. BACK Final Review Review #2: What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome? DNA holds the information to make a protein Proteins are the final product. What are their smaller parts called? mRNA DNA Amino acids Proteins mRNA contains the codes needed to make a protein You got it.

24. BACK Final Review Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome? The nucleus only stores the DNA This molecule indirectly holds the code to make an amino acid Messenger RNA DNA RNA Polymerase The Nucleus This enzyme splits DNA during transcription You got it.

25. BACK Final Review Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place? This is where transcription happens You got it. Inside the nucleus Inside the Golgi body At the ribosome Inside the vacuole This is where proteins go before they are exported from the cell The vacuole holds food and water

26. BACK Final Review Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the mRNA code. DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C AAG-TTA-CCG TTC-AAT-GGC DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C You got it. AAG-UUA-CCG DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C UUG-TTA-UCG

27. BACK Final Review Review #6: If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome? LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE You got it. LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID

28. BACK I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.

29. AAG -UUA-CCG I will help you get started. The first codon is AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will deliver. return