Introduction to Animals/ Simple Animals

1. Introduction to Animals/ Simple Animals Mrs. Wetzel Biology

2. What is an animal? • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotroph • No cell walls

3. Two Groups of Animals • What are the two groups of animals?

4. Two Groups of animals • What are the two groups of animals? • Vertebrates • Invertebrates

5. Invertebrates • No backbone or vertebral column • Range from dust mite to giant squid

6. Vertebrates • Have a backbone • Make up only five percent of the animal kingdom

7. Animal Survival • Feeding- all animals are heterotrophic and have a variety of ways to obtain nutrition • Filter feeders • Parasite • Detritovores • Omnivores • Herbivores • Carnivore • Symbiont

8. Animal Survival • Respiration= gas exchange

9. Animal Survival • Circulation= movement of oxygen, nutrients, waste products • Simple animals= diffusion • Complex animals= circulatory system

10. Animal Survival • Excretion= removing waste • Not just poop & pee • Ammonia= cellular waste- toxic

11. Animal Survival • Response= “nervous system” • Simple animals = sensory receptors • More complex= cephalizationin other words a concentration of sensory organs near the head of an organism.

13. Animal Survival • Movement- • Simple animals= sedentary • More complex= highly mobile

14. Animal Survival • Reproduction- • Simple= asexual • More complex= sexual

15. Trends in Animal Evolution Cell Specialization- as animals evolved their cells have developed the ability to conduct specific activities. A sponge has a few cells to perform the limited number of jobs of the sponge. Humans- the most complex animal has thousands of specialized cells to perform the thousands of jobs of a human.

16. Trends in animal Evolution • Early development- all animals look exactly the same during the early stages of development • Primordial germ layers are cells that have not “Specialized yet” the three major germ layers are; • Ectoderm • Mesoderm • Endoderm

17. Germ Layers • Germ Layers • As soon as fertilization occurs the zygote begins to divide- it divides and divides eventually forming a hollow ball- the ball begins to fold in on itself forming a bowl

18. Germ Layers • The in folding is called a blastopore • Depending on the animal the blastopore can develop into two things • Deuterostomes= mouth • Protostomes= anus • All Vertebrates are deuterostomes

19. Germ Layers • All animals primordial germ layers are endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm • Endoderm- digestive tract and respiratory system • Mesoderm= muscle, circulatory, excretory, reproductive system • Ectoderm= skin, sense organs, nerves

20. Gastrulation • Formation of the germ layers is called gastrulation- it is the MOST important time of your life.

21. Symmetry • Radial • Bilateral • Asymmetrical • Simple= Asymmetrical • Slightly more complex= radial • More complex= bilateral

22. Cephalization • ** The concentration of sense organs toward the anterior “head” of the body

23. Body cavity • Animals have a body cavity filled with fluids involved in circulation, excretion, and digestion

24. Phylum Porifera • Phylum porifera contains the sponges • Sponges do not look like animals but they do have the right characteristics • Heterotrophic, multicellular, no cell walls,

25. Phylum Porifera • Sponges are asymmetrical • The body of a sponge forms a tube that water passes through. • Collar cells are specialized cells that have flagella to keep water flowing at a steady pace

26. Phylum Porifera • Feeding: Sponges are filter feeders. As water passes through the sponge it strains out the food bits like a sieve

27. Phylum Porifera • Circulation/ Excretion/ Respiration • Sponges rely on the movement of water for these mechanisms • Wastes diffuse over the cell membranes back into the water and get carried away

28. Phylum Porifera • Response- Nothing in the way of a nervous system- they do produce toxins that keep predators from eating them

29. Phylum Porifera • Reproduction- Most sponges are hermaphrodites meaning that each individual functions as both male & female • Sexual= internal fertilization- sperm is released by one sponge and carried by water currents to another sponge where it can meet up with eggs • Asexual- budding

30. Phylum Porifera • Larva- sponge larva looks nothing like an adult sponge- it is mobile and can swim around eventually settling somewhere on the ocean floor where it will then mature into an adult non- motile sponge

31. Phylum Porifera • Ecology- • Important habitats for marine animals • Symbionts to bacteria, algae, & plantlike protists • Sponges

32. Phylum Cnidarian • What? • Soft bodied carnivorous animal with stinging tentacles arranged in a circle around the mouth

33. Phylum Cnidarian • Body Plan- Radial symmetry- central mouth surrounded by tentacles. Body wall surrounds the G.V.C. • Two life stages • Polyp- non-motile • Medusa- motile • Dimorphic life form is unique to cnidarians

34. Phylum Cnidarian • Tissue Layers • Epidermis= outside • Mesoglea= middle layer • Gastroderm= Lining of the G.V.C

35. Phylum Cnidarian • Feeding- grab food with tentacles- paralyze it using nematocyst- pull food into G.V.C. • Any material that can not be digested is brought back up and spit out the mouth

36. Phylum Cnidarian • Respiration/ Circulation/ Excretion • Rely on water & diffusion through cell membrane

37. Phylum Cnidarian • Response- Nerve Net- nerve cells • Statocysts- determine gravity • Ocelli- simple eyespot can detect light

38. Phylum Cnidarian • Movement- Hydrostatic skeleton- fills with water or contracts- pushes water out for jet propulsion-like movement

39. Phylum Cnidarian • Reproduction- asexual or sexual • Sexual reproduction takes place in the water • Asexual= budding

40. Classification • Class Scyphozoa= jelly fish • Hydrozoa- hydras, Portuguese Man of War= colonial hydra • Class Anthozoa= sea anemones & coral

44. Phylum Cnidarian • Ecology- VIP symbionts for photosynthetic marine life, provide habitats