Introduction to Zoology

1. Introduction to Zoology Unit 1- Mrs. Stahl

7. Zoology- What is it? • The study of animals of course!  • Extremely broad because there are so many concentrations and sooooo many animals. • There are 8.7 million organisms on Earth, only 1.7 millions have been described. • Only 14% of the worlds species have been identified- that leave 86% left • Only 9% of the oceans species have been identified. • Ex- 20,000 species of bony fish • Ex- 300,000 species of beetles

9. What is an animal??????????????? • A living organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly.

10. Why do we want to study animals? So we can study their: - Functionality - Structure - Ecological Role and Importance - Evolution

11. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Consumers / Heterotrophs • Specialized Tissues- various tissues and organs • Aerobic Respiration / Cellular Respiration- metabolically break down food and use ATP energy to drive all of their functions. • Sexual Reproduction • Mobility

12. Characteristics of Animals • Originated in the Precambrian Era over 600 mya. • Eukaryotes- organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. • Includes Plants, Fungi, and some unicellular organisms. • Animals -unique in nutrition; they eat other organisms and therefore need to capture food. • Animals lack photosynthesis; cell walls found in plants. • Fungi absorb food through little tubular filaments called hyphae which animals do not have.

13. Some are neither plants nor animals…. • Euglena- motile, single celled organism that resembles plants in that they can be photosynthetic but also resembles animals in that they eat food particles. • Kingdom Protista.

14. Animals also….. • Motile- move about from one location to the next. • Sessile- Cannot move from place to place but they still have moving parts. • What are 5 animals that are sessile and 5 that are motile? • Respiration • Digestion • Ingestion

15. Sessile

16. Motile

17. How are they classified???? • Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) • He came up with a means of naming organisms that was simple and universal. • Problem before this was that people were naming things multiple names that were really long, and there wasn’t any consistency. • Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. • Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature-> two word naming system • Genus, species • Always in italics • Genus is capitalized and species lowercased • Ex- Homo sapiens

18. Classification System • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!

19. Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms Domains Kingdoms • Bacteria-> contains single celled prokarotes. Largest group on Earth. • Archaea-> Microbes that live in extreme environments • Eukarya-> organisms with compartmentalized cells, eukaryotic cells. • Animalia- Animals • Plantae- Plants • Fungi- Fungus • Protista- animal like and plant like • Bacteria • Archaea

20. Class Agnatha

21. Chondrichthyes

22. Osteichthyes

23. Amphibia

24. Reptila

25. Aves

26. Mammalia

27. Two Major Categories • Vertebrates- with a backbone • Invertebrates- without a backbone • What am I?

28. Comparison • Vertebrates • Internal segmented backbone • Most obvious • Make up less than 5 % of animal species • Invertebrates • Without backbone • Closely related to each other • About 95% of all animals are inverts.

29. Taxonomy- How it’s broken down! • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class: • Agnatha= Lampreys • Chondrichthyes=Sharks and Rays • Osteichthyes= Bony Fish • Amphibia= Frogs and Salamanders • Reptilia=Reptiles • Aves=Birds • Mammalia=Mammals

30. Vertebrate facts and Characteristics • More than one million species of animals. • Tens of millions undiscovered • Specialized tissues and organs • Found EVERYWHERE!!! • Have a backbone or vertebrate column • Have a skull or cranium • An internal skeleton • Range in size. Largest being the blue whale.

31. Seven Essential Functions to all Vertebrates • 1. Feeding- • Herbivore- eats plants • Carnivore- eats meat • Omnivore- eats both plants and animals • Detritivore- feeds on dead things • Filter Feeders- strain food from the water • Parasite- lives on or in another organism.

32. 2. Respiration- takes in oxygen, gives off carbon dioxide. Can be done through gills, lungs, skin, diffusion • 3. Circulation- circulating of blood through vessels. • 4. Excretion- primary waste is ammonia. Liquid waste filtered by the kidneys. • 5. Response- receptor cells= sound, light, external stimuli • 6. Movement- most are motile and the muscles work with skeleton • 7. Reproduction- most sexually= genetic diversity.

33. Let’s Narrow it down a little…. • Ichthyology- Study of fish • Entomology- insects • Herpetology- amphibians & reptiles • Mammalogy- mammals • Ornithology- birds • Protozoology- Protozoa

34. Let’s Review a little….. • All living things must be able to: • 1. Reproduce • 2. Made up of cells • 3. Respond to a stimulus • 4. Grow and develop • 5. Evolve and change • 6. Metabolize- need and use chemical energy • 7. Maintain Homeostasis • 8. Be made up of DNA • 9. Chemical Uniqueness

35. Made up of Cells • Smallest and basic unit of life. • Each level builds on the level below it. • Ex- within a cell macromolecules are assembled into ribosome's, chromosomes, and membranes and they are then built upon to form organelles such as the mitochondria. Continues on to populations and species.

36. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid • Stores genetic information • Made up of nucleotides (4 nitrogenous base pairs-AGCT), sugars, and phosphates. • Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C) • The sequence of the bases is what codes for the order of amino acids in the protein sequence (amino acids).

37. Chemical Uniqueness • Complex molecular organization • Macromolecules- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids • Ex- Proteins- 20 specific amino acids

38. Reproduction • Life has to come from prior life. • Living forms reproduce to generate others like themselves. • Genes replicate to form new genes • Cells divide to produce new cells • Reproduce sexually or asexually • Populations split up and new species are produced= speciation.

39. Metabolism • Have to acquire nutrients from their environment in order to maintain proper energy levels. • Nutrients-> chemical energy for the body to use in the form of ATP. • Chemical processes include digestion, respiration, and synthesis of molecules. • Interaction between catabolic (destructive) and anabolic (constructive) • Cellular Respiration-> mitochondria • Cellular and nuclear membranes (nucleus) regulate metabolism by controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

40. Growth and Development • All organisms have a life cycle that they go through from origin (when the sperm fertilizes the egg = fertilization) to adulthood. • Changes in size, shape, and differentiation in structures. • Unicellular are more simple than Multicellular. • Metamorphosis- many organisms have similar early stages of development and are hard to tell apart.

41. Stimulus • How do they interact / respond with their environment? • Often referred to as ecology focusing on geographic distribution and population abundance. • They respond by adapting their metabolism and physiology so that they can survive in the environment in which they live.

42. Evolution • Change over time.

43. Homeostasis • Maintaining an internal balance.

44. Life Obeys the Laws of Physics • The first law of thermodynamics-> conserving energy. Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another. • a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed from one form to another. • b. All aspects of life require energy. • c. In animals, chemical energy in food is converted to chemical energy in cells and then converted to mechanical energy of muscle contraction. • All our energy comes from the sun-> reaches Earth as light or heat-> Plants capture this light in the form of Photosynthesis in green plants and cyanobacteria transforms energy into chemical bonds-> bonds form potential energy (stored)-> bond breaks and the energy is released and used to perform many cellular tasks-> transferred to animals.

45. Second Law of Thermodynamics • Physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder or entropy. • Energy obtained and stored by plants is released by various mechanisms and then dissipated as heat. • It takes a constant input of usable energy from food to keep an animal organized. • The process of evolution does not violate the second law; complexity is achieved by constant use and loss of energy flowing into the biosphere from the sun. • Physiologists study survival, growth, reproduction, etc. from an energetic perspective.

46. Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria • Number of cells • How it obtains energy • Type of cell • DNA

47. Kingdom Animalia & it’s Major Phyla • Porifera- sponges • Cnidaria- hydras, sea anemones, jelly fish, and corals • Annelida- marine worms, earthworms, and leeches • Mollusca- snails, octopi, squids, clams, mussels, conchs, etc. • Arthropoda- crabs, insects, lobsters, etc. • Echinodermata- sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars • Chordata- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

48. The Scientific Method • Used to set up an experiment in order to test a hypothesis or solve a problem.

49. Steps • Make an observation • Ask a question / Research • Form a hypothesis • Experimentation • Collect data / Results • Analyze and Conclude • Repeat

50. Observation • Use senses to study the world. Can also use tools such as previous biological research and computers. • Inference= logical interpretation based on prior knowledge.